9 research outputs found

    Physiology of Spinal Opioids and its relevance for Pain Management Selection

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    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; To use spinal opioids appropriately, it is necessary to understand the pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology of these drugs including which opioids produce selective spinal analgesia and which do not. Briefl y, spinal selectivity is highest for hydrophilic opioids and lowest for lipophilic opioids. These differences result from natural variations in the bioavailability of opioids at opioid receptors in the spinal cord. The bioavailability differs because lipophilic drugs are more rapidly cleared into the plasma from epidural and intrathecal spaces, than hydrophilic drugs; consequently, they produce earlier supraspinal side effects and have a considerably shorter duration of analgesic action concerning morphine which can produce delay supraspinal adverse effects.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Morphine is probably the most spinally selective opioid currently used in the intrathecal and epidural spaces for the management of postoperative pain. Continuous epidural administration of fentanyl offers little or no benefi t over the intravenous route. Finally, epidurally administered sufentanil and alfentanil&nbsp;&nbsp; appear to produce analgesia by systemic uptake and redistribution to brainstem opioid receptors.</p

    Methods for saving opioids in the perioperative period via intravenous, via neuraxial and in nervous blocks

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    The greatest challenge facing anesthesiologists in the current clinical context is to provide adequate perioperative care, achieving suffi cient control of acute pain and at the same time make responsible use of intraoperative opioids. There is a trending topic in our times that is based on saving perioperative opioids called Opioid free anesthesia (OFA) or to a lesser extent Opioid less anesthesia (OFA) to avoid the so-called opioid epidemic. All this is framed within appropriate protocols of care and post-operative recovery (ERAS).</p

    Coadyuvantes farmacológicos con efecto ahorrador de opioides en el periodo perioperatorio

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    ABSTRACT In the last 15 years, the interest in the postoperative recovery and rehabilitation pathways (ERAS) has increased since both doctors and managers have analyzed the times of surgical recovery and intrahospital statistics. Although the approach to reduce the length of hospital stay is multifactorial and includes management objectives for various parameters such as hemodynamics, fluid administration, ventilation, feeding, intestinal motility and early mobility, the management of postoperative pain should be an area of basic importance. Opioids are widely known to have a side effect profile that slows down hospital recovery, delaying both hospital discharge and return to functional normalcy. These side effects include decreased bowel motility, ileus, postoperative nausea and vomiting, sedation and delirium. In addition, an association has been suggested between the administration of opioids and the recurrence of cancer in the surgical oncology population, specifically breast and prostate cancer. Anesthesiologists are well positioned to influence the success of ERAS protocols for adequate pain control, having many tools at their disposal to provide opioid preservation or even free of them during the perioperative period. This review summarizes the available evidence on pharmacological therapies to achieve a saving of perioperative opioids, except anti-inflammatories that have a proven effect in this field, and supports the use of dexmedetomidine, clonidine, ketamine, pregabalin, lidocaine, magnesium and esmolol as non opioid adjuvants as agents within multimodal programs for the treatment of postoperative pain Despite this, additional tests are needed to elucidate the optimal combinations of these adjuvants.RESUMEN En los últimos 15 años, el interés en las vías de recuperación y rehabilitación postoperatorias (ERAS) ha aumentado, ya que los tiempos de recuperación quirúrgica y las estadísticas intrahospitalarias han sido analizados tanto por médicos como por gestores. Aunque el enfoque para reducir la duración de la estancia hospitalaria es multifactorial e incluye objetivos de manejo para varios parámetros como la hemodinámica, administración de fluidos, ventilación, alimentación, motilidad intestinal y movilidad precoz, el manejo del dolor postoperatorio debe ser un área de enfoque fundamental. Los opioides son ampliamente conocidos por tener un perfil de efectos secundarios que ralentiza la recuperación hospitalaria, retrasando tanto el alta hospitalaria como el retorno a la normalidad funcional. Estos efectos secundarios incluyen la disminución de la motilidad intestinal, íleo, náuseas y vómitos postoperatorios, sedación y delirio. Además, se ha sugerido una asociación entre la administración de opioides y la recurrencia del cáncer en la población de oncología quirúrgica, específicamente cáncer de mama y próstata. Los anestesiólogos están bien posicionados para influir en el éxito de los protocolos ERAS para el control adecuado del dolor, teniendo muchas herramientas a su disposición para proporcionar preservación de opioides o incluso libres de ellos durante el periodo perioperatorio. Esta revisión resume la evidencia disponible sobre las terapias farmacológicas para conseguir un ahorro de opioides perioperatorios, exceptuando los antinflamatorios que tienen un efecto demostrado en este campo, y respalda el uso de dexmedetomidina, clonidina, ketamina, pregabalina, lidocaína, magnesio y esmolol como adyuvantes no-opioides dentro de programas multimodales para el tratamiento del dolor postoperatorio. A pesar de ello, se necesitan ensayos adicionales para dilucidar las combinaciones óptimas de estos adyuvantes

    Comparison of two concentrations of bupivacaine by continuous paravertebral infusion after thoracotomy with pulmonary resection: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial

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    Background and objectives: Post-thoracotomy pain management should be based on a multimodal approach that includes continuous regional analgesia. The objective of this study was to compare the analgesic efficacy of two concentrations of bupivacaine (0.2 % and 0.3 %) through a paravertebral catheter, both group plus fentanyl 2 mcg/ml. Methods: We conducted a randomized double-blind clinical trial to compare these two concentrations in patients undergoing pulmonary resection by thoracotomy in Donostia University Hospital between November 2010 and May 2011 (n = 59). The paravertebral catheter was placed prior to the surgical intervention, with the patient awake and sitting upright. Data were analyzed on an intention-to-treat basis. The Chi-squared test was used for qualitative variables and Student's t-tests or Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests for quantitative variables, depending on the distribution of the variables. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software (Version 17). Results: We did not find statistically significant differences in postoperative pulmonary function (p = 0.49), self-perceived pain (VAS; p = 0.28) or cumulative morphine consumption (p = 0.101) in the two groups. We observed adverse effects in 8 patients in group 1 (29.6 %) and in 12 patients (37.5 %) in group 2, the difference not being statistically significant (p = 0.52). Conclusions: Continuous thoracic paravertebral block for 48 hours is a good technique for the management of postoperative pain after pulmonary resection by thoracotomy. With moderate doses of local anesthetics (bupivacaine 0.20 %) we achieved good pain control and observed few systemic complications than major doses (bupivacaine 0.30 %).Antecedentes y objetivos: El manejo del dolor post-toracotomía debe basarse en un enfoque multimodal que incluye la analgesia regional continua. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la eficacia analgésica de dos concentraciones de bupivacaína (0,2 y 0,3 %) a través de un catéter paravertebral, ambos grupos más fentanilo 2 mcg/ml. Material y métodos: Se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego, para comparar estas dos concentraciones en pacientes sometidos a resección pulmonar por toracotomía en el Hospital Universitario Donostia entre noviembre de 2010 y mayo de 2011 (n = 59). El catéter paravertebral se colocó antes de la intervención quirúrgica, con el paciente despierto en posición sentada. Los datos se analizaron sobre la base de intención de tratar. Se utilizó la prueba de Chi cuadrado para variables cualitativas y la t de Student o pruebas de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon para las variables cuantitativas, en función de la distribución de las variables. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el software de IBM SPSS (versión 17). Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la función pulmonar postoperatoria (p = 0,49), la percepción subjetiva de dolor (VAS; p = 0,28) o el consumo de morfina acumulada (p = 0,101) en los dos grupos. Hemos observado efectos adversos en 8 pacientes del grupo 1 (29,6 %) y en 12 pacientes (37,5 %) del grupo 2; la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,52). Conclusiones: El bloqueo paravertebral torácico continuo durante 48 horas es una buena técnica para el manejo del dolor postoperatorio después de la resección pulmonar por toracotomía. Con dosis moderadas de anestésicos locales (bupivacaína 0,20 %) se logró un buen control del dolor y observamos un número menor de complicaciones sistémicas que el grupo de dosis mayores (bupivacaína 0,30 %)
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