Introduction

Le présent dossier d’Ebisu. Études japonaises est centré sur la consommation de biens et de services estampillés japonais, à l’intérieur comme à l’extérieur des frontières du Japon, sur une période s’étendant de la fin de l’ère Meiji aux années 2010. Ce choix thématique visait d’abord à interroger les mutations du made in Japan dans un monde globalisé : objets matériels et immatériels se sont mis à y circuler de plus en plus nombreux, de plus en plus vite, en s’appuyant d’une part sur les pro..

Slow, but fast : le discours de la slow life au cœur d’Ōsaka, l’éloge de la lenteur au service d’une stratégie d’attractivité métropolitaine ?

Recent studies in social sciences have been critical towards slow life movements in their various forms (Deléage, 2014): urban marketing strategies can easily divert their reappraisal of a decelerated lifestyle – and the range of good practices it entails – from their original intention, so that they may be conducive to making a more fragmented city. This paper aims at deciphering the processes by which an ageing society’s aspirations for a decelerated lifestyle, within compact and densely inhabited neighbourhoods, mingle with publically led urban renewal policies designed to enhance the attractiveness of Japan’s metropolitan areas. Our approach relies on a study of the politics of scale behind the spatial distribution, layout and uses of slow food chains in Ōsaka, especially in Namba, a highly touristic place

Vieillissement en ville et villes en vieillissement

International audienc

The dynamics of urban degrowth in Japanese metropolitan areas: what are the outcomes of urban recentralisation strategies?

International audienceJapanese authorities have supported compact city-oriented policies since the late 1990s to counter the effects of population decline and lingering economic stagnation. The concentration of renewal projects in well-connected neighbourhoods is meant to sustain the mobilities of an ageing society. Such policies actually have the effect of promoting a selective redevelopment of Japan's metropolises, especially focused on maintaining the competitiveness of Tokyo's world city status. This 'Tokyo problem' is destabilising the Osaka-Kyoto-Kobe city-region (Keihanshin), whose restructurings can be read in the changing mobilities of its inhabitants. Mapping degrowth within the Keihanshin provides insights into the complex interactions between advanced demographic transition and urban dynamics in a region renowned for its mass transit system. Based upon micro-census data, this paper questions the ways in which the urban recentralisation paradigm contributes to the decline of formerly expanding suburbs and to more differentiated levels of access to urban resources

Géographie de la décroissance démographique et évolution des mobilités quotidiennes dans la conurbation Ōsaka-Kyōto-Kōbe

Faced with the long-term demographic shrinkage of Japan’s total population and a context of lingering economic stagnation, since the late 1990s, the Japanese developmental state has supported policies to increase population density and promote urban renewal, so as to improve the quality of life of an aging society. Such goals actually reflect a re-scaling of the Japanese developmental state, now focused on sustaining Tokyo’s global competitiveness and prioritizing the revitalization of the country’s metropolitan cores, at the expense of the rest of Japan. This “Tokyo problem” is even destabilizing the Ōsaka-Kyōto-Kōbe city-region (Keihanshin), whose social and spatial restructurings can be observed in its inhabitants’ changing daily mobilities. Therefore, a geographical approach to population degrowth and to the evolution of daily mobilities within the Keihanshin provides an original insight into the complex interactions between an advanced stage of demographic transition, urban dynamics and mobilities in a metropolitan region renowned for its dense mass transit system. Based upon maps of statistical data stemming from national censuses and public transportation surveys, this paper raises questions about the ways in which the urban recentralization (toshin kaiki) paradigm actually contributes to suburban decline, as it accelerates the obsolescence of a postwar residential model geared towards the acquisition of real estate in suburban areas. This study underlines a resulting differentiation of mobility behaviours between city-centres and suburbs, greater than during the era of urban sprawl that lasted until the Lost Decade (1991-2002), when the collapse of land markets and the resulting socio-economic crisis deeply changed Japanese lives

From Shrinking Cities to Toshi no Shukushō: Identifying Patterns of Urban Shrinkage in the Osaka Metropolitan Area

Japanese cities losing population represent an emerging research field among international studies on shrinking cities. Japanese- speaking works exploring this topic (Oswalt et al. 2008; Yahagi 2009) use the words toshi no shukushō to translate “shrinking city”, as a notion originating in Western research on urban decline, which particularly affects cities from OECD countries at the beginning of the 21st century (Pallagst et al. 2009). This paper explores the transfer and the idea and whether some Japanese cities in decline constitute a Japanese-specific version of this global phenomenon, combining de-industrialization waves, socio-economic crisis and demographic transition. To see how shrinking cities/toshi no shukushō relates to the evolution of Japanese urban spaces, this article investigates the factors behind urban decline within a metropolitan area considered shrinking in Japan, the Osaka Metropolitan Area. Osaka’s decline is particularly affecting its distant suburbs, where depopulation and devitalization are associated with the rapid aging of its remaining residents in addition to the decline in the manufacturing base of the area. The paper discusses the problems that such patterns of urban decline raise for urban planners in Japan. While certain actors within the public and private have responded to depopulation by creating local policies to serve elderly residents, at a higher level, there are gaps between metropolitan and local views on strategies to address peri-urban decline, as well as between cities and suburbs within regions. This gap suggests urban shrinkage requires regional governance and coordination, in addition to local solutions

Contre le déclin, la ville compacte. Retour sur quinze années de « recentralisation urbaine » au Japon

International audienceConfronté à un phénomène de déclin urbain généralisé, le Japon a mis en œuvre des politiques visant à promouvoir la « ville compacte ». Quinze ans après le lancement de cette stratégie de recentralisation urbaine, ses soubassements politiques néolibéraux et ses effets mitigés sur l’accès aux ressources urbaines d’une population très vieillissante sont aujourd’hui soumis à débat

表の大都市圏と裏の大都市圏。大阪の大都市圏における都市衰退、高齢化と移動。

In Japan, the suburbia used to represent a space where an affluent middle class could realise its home-ownership aspirations. But these suburbs are now vulnerable to cumulative processes of decline which are deteriorating daily access to urban resources. Such changes raise precursory questions about the necessity to adapt growth-based paradigms to the challenges of suburban aging. Our thesis analyses them through the lens of evolving mobilities in the Ōsaka metropolitan area. It opens the way for an integrated approach to the impacts of the neoliberal hybridization of the Japanese Developmental State on the country’s second-city region, whose dynamics are destabilized by the Tōkyō uni-polar concentration and shrinking demographics. First, our theoretical framework articulates international debates on the globalization of the shrinking city phenomenon, to Japanese research who questions the links between urban de-growth, ageing and mobilities by drawing on Western concepts. Then, a multilevel mapping of the relations between de-growth and mobilities serves to test our hypotheses. Our results show that depopulation trends in suburban areas are reinforced by inward mobilities, a recentralization of real-estate development and a rescaling of railway networks. It makes sense within a context where a reversal of planning paradigms is meant to restore Tōkyō’s competitiveness and legitimized by compact city discourses. These processes reshape the traditional division of Japan’s territory between omote (front, globally connected) and ura (back, hinterland). Our work finally relies on the findings of field studies conducted inside two surburbs of Ōsaka. The socio-residential specialization and individual practices observed there lead us to discuss the benefits and limits of hometown-making strategies designed to attract new residents. These results flesh out a picture of an everyday relation to the suburban way of life that is more complex than the belief in its rejection by the Japanese, young and old.Les banlieues des métropoles japonaises, lieu d’installation d’une classe moyenne enrichie par la Haute croissance, sont aujourd’hui soumises à des processus cumulés de déclin qui détériorent l’accès quotidien aux ressources urbaines. Ces mutations soulèvent des questions pionnières sur les enjeux du vieillissement des espaces périurbains, que cette thèse analyse au prisme de l’évolution des mobilités dans l’aire métropolitaine d’Ōsaka. Sont ainsi mesurés les effets de l’hybridation néolibérale de l’État développeur japonais sur les recompositions d’une métropole touchée par la diminution en cours de la population nationale. L’approche théorique de cette thèse articule les débats internationaux sur les villes en décroissance à des sources japonaises interrogeant les liens entre déclin urbain, vieillissement et mobilités grâce à l’usage de concepts occidentaux. Cette grille de lecture appuie une cartographie pluri-scalaire des interactions entre déclin urbain et mobilités dans l’aire métropolitaine d’Ōsaka. Les résultats montrent que le déclin des banlieues, attribué au vieillissement démographique, est aussi le pendant d’une recentralisation des trajectoires résidentielles, de la production immobilière et des activités des opérateurs ferroviaires. Ces processus traduisent un renversement des paradigmes d’aménagement visant à maintenir la compétitivité de Tōkyō, que la promotion de la ville compacte sert à légitimer, et ils accentuent le déclin des banlieues peu attractives. A l’épreuve de la spécialisation socio-résidentielle et des pratiques individuelles observées grâce aux enquêtes de terrain qui complètent ce travail, cette thèse discute les apports et limites des stratégies d’ancrage choisies par les acteurs périurbains pour résister à la force des centralités métropolitaines. Il s’ensuit une dualisation des relations à la ville qui reconfigure à l’intérieur des agglomérations un découpage de l’espace entre Japon de l’endroit et de l’envers. Il en surgit un récit plus complexe que celui d’un rejet de la vie périurbaine au Japon.高度経済成長で豊かになった中流階級が転入した日本の大都市圏の郊外は昨今様々な衰退問題を抱え、そのせいで住民の都市施設へのアクセスが徐々に困難になった。公共政策は大都市圏の高齢化問題を如何に解決できるかという新たな質問が浮上した。本論文は大阪大都市圏における人間移動の変容を通じてその質問に答えることを目的にする。上記の変化を中心に、少子化と1990年に崩壊したバブルの影響を東京より強く受けた大阪大都市圏の再構成に対する日本政治経済危機の作用を分析する。本論文は都市衰退、高齢化と移動の関係を問う日本語で書いてある資料と縮退都市に関する国際的な討論を結ぶ理論的な観点に基づいている。このアプローチを、大阪大都市圏における縮退都市と移動の相互関係を明確にする多様な地図の利用によって裏付けられている。本論文で得られた結果によると、郊外の衰退は高齢化のみならず、日本人の住居移動、建設会社や鉄道会社の活動の集中化による現象でもあることが分かる。新自由主義化している土建国家を背景に（鈴木、2014年）、上記の変化は東京の競争力を維持しようとする都市計画のパラダイムの逆転を示してる。都市圏内の空間の区分が再編されることにより、表のメトロポリタン日本と裏の衰退する日本が現れる。現在、この現象は、高度経済成長より自動車化している魅力の少ない郊外の密度減少を強調している。大都市圏の郊外に位置する二つの都市で行った補足的なフィールド調査は、新たな交通手段の活発的な発展にも関わらず、住民の最近の自動車化の要因を明らかにしている。本論文は、住民の生活水準に影響されている住宅用地や個人的な行動から見て、大都市圏の求心力に対抗しようとする現地のアクターによって実行されている家族や地区を中心にした都市計画の効果と限界を明確にする。本論文は、日本人が郊外生活から脱出したがっているという通説より、もっと複雑な語りを進めている

Effects of housing asset deflation on shrinking cities: A case of the Tokyo metropolitan area

International audienc