Pharmacometabolomic and genetic ancestry evaluation in hypertensive patients from a randomized clinical trial

Introdução: Pacientes hipertensos resistentes (HR) são indivíduos com pressão arterial não controlada - apesar do tratamento com um diurético e dois anti-hipertensivos com mecanismos de ação diferentes em doses adequadas. Há duas áreas de interesse nesse contexto: a ancestralidade genética que, a princípio, poderia impactar em controles pressóricos, e a farmacometabolômica que, conceitualmente, é um conjunto de mudanças em concentrações de metabólitos - um novo campo que pode esclarecer mecanismos de variações de respostas farmacológicas. Assim, nossos principais objetivos foram: associar mensurações séricas de fármacos anti-hipertensivos e seus metabólitos às respostas farmacoterapêuticas em pacientes hipertensos e analisar a ancestralidade genética em pacientes hipertensos a fim de verificar uma possível associação com as respostas farmacoterapêuticas e a hipertensão resistente. Métodos: Foram utilizadas amostras de 1.597 pacientes, sendo 187 HR. A preparação e a análise da amostra foram realizadas usando uma coluna com nanotubos de carbono de acesso restrito (RACNTs) em um sistema de cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrômetro de massa (UPLC-MS/MS), em modo column switching. A ancestralidade genética foi realizada usando um painel de 192 marcadores polimórficos; três referências foram usadas (europeia, ameríndia e africana). A raça foi determinada pela autodeclaração, segundo IBGE (branco, pardo, negro e outros). Resultados: O método foi totalmente validado de acordo com as diretrizes da Food and Drug Administration (FDA). O tempo de execução total para cada análise foi de 12,0 min - incluindo a preparação da amostra. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas concentrações de cada analito de acordo com pacientes responsivos e não responsivos, possivelmente, por causa do número de amostra ainda baixo (n total de 171 amostras). As médias das mensurações no grupo dos respondedores foram: clonidina 1,308microg/L; amlodipina 44,044microg/L; enalapril 67,706microg/L; enalaprilato 44,144microg/L; losartana 202,622microg/L; ácido carboxílico de losartana 65,99microg/L, glicuronídeo N-2 de losartana 43,4microg/L e espironolactona 85,87microg/L. Para o grupo dos não respondedores, obtivemos: clonidina 1,4microg/L; amlodipina 78,89microg/L; enalapril 87,821microg/L; enalaprilato 78,878microg/L; losartana 148,026microg/L, ácido carboxílico de losartana 83,535microg/L, glicuronídeo N-2 de losartana 122,452microg/L e espironolactona 79,72microg/L. A raça autodeclarada foi associada aos componentes da ancestralidade genética desses pacientes (p<0,001). A ancestralidade genética, disponível para 1.503 pacientes, teve média geral de 0,53, para europeia; 0,11, para ameríndia; e 0,35, para africana. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas nas médias de ancestralidade de acordo com os grupos respondedor ou HR. Conclusões: O método analítico foi validado e a ancestralidade genética foi realizada, ambos não associados à farmacoterapêutica e à hipertensão resistenteBackground: Resistant hypertensive (RH) patients are individuals with uncontrolled blood pressure - despite treatment with one diuretic and two antihypertensives with different mechanisms of action in adequate doses. There are two areas of interest in this context: genetic ancestry that could initially impact on blood pressure controls, and pharmacometabolomics, which conceptually is a set of changes in metabolite concentrations - a new field that can clarify mechanisms of pharmacological response variation. Thus, our main objectives were: to associate serum measurements of antihypertensive drugs and their metabolites to the pharmacotherapeutic responses in hypertensive patients and to analyze genetic ancestry in hypertensive patients in order to verify a possible association with pharmacotherapeutic responses and resistant hypertension. Methods: Samples of 1,597 patients were used, being 187 RH. Sample preparation and analysis were performed using a column with restricted access carbon nanotubes (RACNTs) in a liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) in column switching mode. Genetic ancestry was performed using a panel of 192 polymorphic markers; three references were used (European, Amerindian and African). The race was determined by self-declaration, according to IBGE (white, brown, black and others). Results: The method has been fully validated according to the guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The total run time for each analysis was 12.0 min including sample preparation. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of each analyte according to responsive and nonresponsive patients, possibly because of the still low number of samples (total n of 171 samples). The means of the measurements in the responders group were: clonidine 1.308microg/L; amlodipine 44.044microg/L; enalapril 67.706microg/L; enalaprilat 44.144microg/L; losartan 202.622microg/L; losartan carboxylic acid 65.99microg/L, N-2 glucuronide of losartan 43,4microg/L and spironolactone 85.87microg/L. For the group of non-responders, we obtained: clonidine 1.4 microg/L; amlodipine 78.89microg/L; enalapril 87.821microg/L; enalaprilat 78.878microg/L; losartana 148.026microg/L, losartan carboxylic acid 83.535microg/L, N-2 glucanide of losartan 122.452microg/L and spironolactone 79.72microg/L. Self-reported race was associated with the components of the genetic ancestry of these patients (p<0.001). Genetic ancestry, available for 1,503 patients, had an overall mean of 0.53 for European; 0.11 for Amerindian; and 0.35 for African. No statistical differences were found in the means of ancestry according to responder or RH groups. Conclusion: The analytical method was validated and genetic ancestry was performed, both unrelated to pharmacotherapeutic and resistant hypertensio

Pharmacometabolomic and genetic ancestry evaluation in hypertensive patients from a randomized clinical trial

Introdução: Pacientes hipertensos resistentes (HR) são indivíduos com pressão arterial não controlada - apesar do tratamento com um diurético e dois anti-hipertensivos com mecanismos de ação diferentes em doses adequadas. Há duas áreas de interesse nesse contexto: a ancestralidade genética que, a princípio, poderia impactar em controles pressóricos, e a farmacometabolômica que, conceitualmente, é um conjunto de mudanças em concentrações de metabólitos - um novo campo que pode esclarecer mecanismos de variações de respostas farmacológicas. Assim, nossos principais objetivos foram: associar mensurações séricas de fármacos anti-hipertensivos e seus metabólitos às respostas farmacoterapêuticas em pacientes hipertensos e analisar a ancestralidade genética em pacientes hipertensos a fim de verificar uma possível associação com as respostas farmacoterapêuticas e a hipertensão resistente. Métodos: Foram utilizadas amostras de 1.597 pacientes, sendo 187 HR. A preparação e a análise da amostra foram realizadas usando uma coluna com nanotubos de carbono de acesso restrito (RACNTs) em um sistema de cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrômetro de massa (UPLC-MS/MS), em modo column switching. A ancestralidade genética foi realizada usando um painel de 192 marcadores polimórficos; três referências foram usadas (europeia, ameríndia e africana). A raça foi determinada pela autodeclaração, segundo IBGE (branco, pardo, negro e outros). Resultados: O método foi totalmente validado de acordo com as diretrizes da Food and Drug Administration (FDA). O tempo de execução total para cada análise foi de 12,0 min - incluindo a preparação da amostra. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas concentrações de cada analito de acordo com pacientes responsivos e não responsivos, possivelmente, por causa do número de amostra ainda baixo (n total de 171 amostras). As médias das mensurações no grupo dos respondedores foram: clonidina 1,308microg/L; amlodipina 44,044microg/L; enalapril 67,706microg/L; enalaprilato 44,144microg/L; losartana 202,622microg/L; ácido carboxílico de losartana 65,99microg/L, glicuronídeo N-2 de losartana 43,4microg/L e espironolactona 85,87microg/L. Para o grupo dos não respondedores, obtivemos: clonidina 1,4microg/L; amlodipina 78,89microg/L; enalapril 87,821microg/L; enalaprilato 78,878microg/L; losartana 148,026microg/L, ácido carboxílico de losartana 83,535microg/L, glicuronídeo N-2 de losartana 122,452microg/L e espironolactona 79,72microg/L. A raça autodeclarada foi associada aos componentes da ancestralidade genética desses pacientes (p<0,001). A ancestralidade genética, disponível para 1.503 pacientes, teve média geral de 0,53, para europeia; 0,11, para ameríndia; e 0,35, para africana. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas nas médias de ancestralidade de acordo com os grupos respondedor ou HR. Conclusões: O método analítico foi validado e a ancestralidade genética foi realizada, ambos não associados à farmacoterapêutica e à hipertensão resistenteBackground: Resistant hypertensive (RH) patients are individuals with uncontrolled blood pressure - despite treatment with one diuretic and two antihypertensives with different mechanisms of action in adequate doses. There are two areas of interest in this context: genetic ancestry that could initially impact on blood pressure controls, and pharmacometabolomics, which conceptually is a set of changes in metabolite concentrations - a new field that can clarify mechanisms of pharmacological response variation. Thus, our main objectives were: to associate serum measurements of antihypertensive drugs and their metabolites to the pharmacotherapeutic responses in hypertensive patients and to analyze genetic ancestry in hypertensive patients in order to verify a possible association with pharmacotherapeutic responses and resistant hypertension. Methods: Samples of 1,597 patients were used, being 187 RH. Sample preparation and analysis were performed using a column with restricted access carbon nanotubes (RACNTs) in a liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) in column switching mode. Genetic ancestry was performed using a panel of 192 polymorphic markers; three references were used (European, Amerindian and African). The race was determined by self-declaration, according to IBGE (white, brown, black and others). Results: The method has been fully validated according to the guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The total run time for each analysis was 12.0 min including sample preparation. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of each analyte according to responsive and nonresponsive patients, possibly because of the still low number of samples (total n of 171 samples). The means of the measurements in the responders group were: clonidine 1.308microg/L; amlodipine 44.044microg/L; enalapril 67.706microg/L; enalaprilat 44.144microg/L; losartan 202.622microg/L; losartan carboxylic acid 65.99microg/L, N-2 glucuronide of losartan 43,4microg/L and spironolactone 85.87microg/L. For the group of non-responders, we obtained: clonidine 1.4 microg/L; amlodipine 78.89microg/L; enalapril 87.821microg/L; enalaprilat 78.878microg/L; losartana 148.026microg/L, losartan carboxylic acid 83.535microg/L, N-2 glucanide of losartan 122.452microg/L and spironolactone 79.72microg/L. Self-reported race was associated with the components of the genetic ancestry of these patients (p<0.001). Genetic ancestry, available for 1,503 patients, had an overall mean of 0.53 for European; 0.11 for Amerindian; and 0.35 for African. No statistical differences were found in the means of ancestry according to responder or RH groups. Conclusion: The analytical method was validated and genetic ancestry was performed, both unrelated to pharmacotherapeutic and resistant hypertensio

MTRR rs326119 polymorphism is associated with plasma concentrations of homocysteine and cobalamin, but not with congenital heart disease or coronary atherosclerosis in Brazilian patients

Background: Differences in the distribution of the MTRR rs326119 polymorphism (c.56+781 A>C) between patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and controls have been described in Chinese individuals. The association is thought to be due to deregulation of homocysteine-cobalamin pathways. This has not been replicated in other populations. The primary objective of this study was to assess the influence of the MTRR rs326119 polymorphism on biochemical parameters of vitamin B12 metabolism, coronary lesions, and congenital heart disease in Brazilian subjects. Methods: We selected 722 patients with CHD, 1432 patients who underwent coronary angiography, and 156 blood donors. Genotyping for the MTRR polymorphism was evaluated by high-resolution melting analysis, and biochemical tests of vitamin B12 metabolism were measured. Results: Subjects carrying the AC or CC genotypes had higher homocysteine concentrations (9.7 ± 0.4 μmol/L and 10.1 ± 0.6 μmol/L) and lower cobalamin concentrations (260.5 ± 13.3 pmol/L and 275.6 ± 19.9 pmol/L) compared with the subjects carrying the AA genotype (8.7 ± 0.5 μmol/L and 304.8 ± 14.7 pmol/L), respectively. A multiple linear regression model also identified a significant association between the number of C variant alleles with the concentrations of homocysteine and cobalamin. Nonetheless, the allelic and genotypic distributions for MTRR rs326119 were not associated with CHD or coronary atherosclerosis in the studied samples. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the MTRR rs326119 variant might be a genetic marker associated with homocysteine and cobalamin concentrations, but not a strong risk factor for CHD or coronary atherosclerosis in the Brazilian population

Polymorphisms in antithrombin and in tissue factor pathway inhibitor genes are associated with recurrent pregnancy loss

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a multifactorial condition. The effect of antithrombin (SERPINC1), protein C (PROC), thrombomodulin (THBD) and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the risk of RPL is thus far unknown. Our objective was to determine the association of SNPs in the above mentioned genes with RPL. We included 117 non-pregnant women with three or more consecutive losses prior to 20 weeks of pregnancy without a previous history of carrying a fetus to viability, and 264 healthy fertile non-pregnant women who had at least two term deliveries and no known pregnancy losses. The PROC (rs1799809 and rs1799808), SERPINC1 (rs2227589), THBD (rs1042579) and TFPI (rs10931292, rs8176592 and rs10153820) SNPs were analysed by Real Time PCR. Genotype frequencies for PROC 2418A &gt; G, PROC 2405C &gt; T, THBD 1418C &gt; T, TFPI (T-33C and TFPI C-399T) SNPs were similar in cases and controls. The carriers of SERPINC1 786A allele (GA + AA genotypes) had an increased risk for RPL (odds ratio [OR]: 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-3.00, p=0.034) while women carrying the TFPI-287C allele (TC + CC genotypes) had a protection effect on having RPL (OR: 0.46, 95% CI: 0.26 - 0.83, p=0.009). The TCC haplotype for TFPI T-33C/TFPI T-287C/TFPI C-399T SNPs was less frequent in cases (5.7%) than in controls (11.6%) (OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.23 - 0.90, p=0.025). In conclusion, our data indicate that SERPINC1 786G &gt; A variant increases the risk for RPL, while TFPI T-287C variant is protective; however, further studies are required to confirm our findings.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil [2007/57605-0]Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), BrazilCNPqCNPqCAPESCAPE

Relationship between SLCO1B(3) and ABCA(3) polymorphisms and imatinib response in chronic myeloid leukemia patients

Background: Genetic variations in membrane transporters may contribute to imatinib mesylate (IM) resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).Objective: To investigate the relationship between SLCO1B3, SLCO1A2, and ABCA3 polymorphisms and IM response in CML patients.Methods: Patients in chronic phase CML (N = 118) were studied. All patients were treated with a standard dose of IM (400 mg/day) and classified into one of the two groups according to their responses. Major molecular response (MMR) and complete molecular response (CMR) were evaluated. Criteria for response failure were established according to European LeukemiaNet (2009). Analysis of the SLCO1B3 c.334T > G (rs4149117) and c.699G > A (rs7311358), SLCO1A2 c.516A > C (rs11568563) and c.-62361G > A (rs3764043), and ABCA3 c.1755C > G (rs323043) and c.4548-191C > A (rs150929) polymorphisms was carried out by real-time polymerase chain reaction.Results: SLCO1A2 and ABCA3 polymorphisms have similar frequencies between responders and nonresponders. SLCO1B3 699GG and 344TT genotypes were more frequent in the responder group (63.8%) than in the non-responder group (44.7%, P = 0.042). Furthermore, carriers of 699GA/AA and 334TG/GG genotypes presented a higher probability of not responding to the standard dose of IM (odds ratio: 2.17; 95% confidence interval: 1.02-4.64, P = 0.04). Poor CMR for ABCA3 4548-91C > A was observed in patients with the CC/CA genotype when compared to AA carriers in the responder group (P = 0.014).Conclusions: SLCO1B3 699GG and 344TT genotypes are associated with non-response to IM, while ABCA3 4548-91 CC/CA genotypes are related to poor CMR in CML patients treated with standard-dose imatinib.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Univ São Paulo, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut, Dept Anal Clin & Toxicol, BR-05508000 São Paulo, SP, BrazilSanta Casa Misericordia São Paulo, Dept Hematol & Hemoterapia, São Paulo, BrazilHosp Brigadeiro, Dept Hematol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Oncol Clin & Expt, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Oncol Clin & Expt, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 09/54184-0Web of Scienc

Evaluation of a pharmacogenetic-based warfarin dosing algorithm in patients with low time in therapeutic range – study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background Time in therapeutic range (TTR) is a measurement of quality of warfarin therapy and lower TTR values (<50%) are associated with greater risk of thromboembolic and bleeding events. Recently, we developed a pharmacogenetic-based warfarin dosing algorithm specifically calibrated for a Brazilian patient sample. The aims of this study are: to evaluate the impact of a genetic-based algorithm, compared to traditional anticoagulation, in the time to achieve the therapeutic target and in TTR percentage; and to assess the cost-effectiveness of genotype-guided warfarin dosing in a specific cohort of patients with low TTR (<50%) from a tertiary cardiovascular hospital. Methods/design This study is a randomized controlled trial in patients (n = 300) with atrial fibrillation with TTR < 50%, based on the last three INR values. At the first consultation, patients will be randomized into two groups: TA group (traditional anticoagulation) and PA group (pharmacogenetic anticoagulation). For the first group, the physician will adjust the dose according to current INR value and, for the second group, a pharmacogenetic algorithm will be used. At the second, third, fourth and fifth consultations (with an interval of 7 days each) INR will be measured and, if necessary, the dose will be adjusted based on guidelines. Afterwards, patients who are INR stable will begin measuring their INR in 30 day intervals; if the patient’s INR is not stable, the patient will return in 7 days for a new measurement of the INR. Outcomes measures will include the time to achieve the therapeutic target and the percentage of TTR at 4 and 12 weeks. In addition, as a secondary end-point, pharmacoeconomic analysis will be carried out. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee for Medical Research on Human Beings of the Clinical Hospital of the University of São Paulo Medical School. Discussion This randomized study will include patients with low TTR and it will evaluate whether a population-specific genetic algorithm might be more effective than traditional anticoagulation for a selected group of poorly anticoagulated patients. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02592980 . Registered on 29 October 2015