Sel T CD8+ pada fase akut infeksi demam berdarah dengue (DBD) pasien dewasa

Angka kejadian Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di provinsi Sumatera Utara maupun daerah lainnya di Indonesia masih tinggi. Tingginya angka kematian pada infeksi DBD berat diduga karena aktivasi limfosit T yang berkontribusi terjadinya komplikasi pada infeksi DBD berat. Beberapa penelitian terdahulu terhadap peranan sel limfosit T CD8+ pada infeksi Dengue masih ditemukan hasil penelitian yang saling bertolak belakang, maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada perbedaan jumlah sel limfosit T CD8+ pada fase akut berdasarkan tingkat keparahan penyakit DBD. Ada sebanyak 40 pasien dari beberapa RS di kota Medan yang sesuai kriteria sampel penelitian dan telah dimintai persetujuannya (informed consent). Tingkat keparahan penyakit DBD dinilai berdasarkan kriteria W.H.O. Diagnosis DBD dikonfimasi dengan pemeriksaan Ig M, Ig G anti Dengue antibody dan atau pemeriksaan NS1 antigen dengan hasil positif. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang. Darah sampel penelitian dilakukan pemeriksaan jumlah sel T CD8+ dengan flowcytometry. Independent t-test digunakan untuk mengetahui perbedaan jumlah sel T CD8+ pada kelompok DBD Grade I dan Grade II. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada penderita dewasa DBD Grade II dijumpai jumlah absolut sel T CD8+ sebesar 1.021 ± 500,21 sel/µL dan kadar sel T CD8+ mencapai 34,60 ± 10,17%, signifikan lebih tinggi daripada DBD Grade I dengan jumlah sel absolut 190,40 ± 108,36 sel/µL dan kadarnya 23,05 ± 6,61% (p < 0,05). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa jumlah sel limfosit T CD8+, baik jumlah absolut sel maupun persentase kadar sel T CD8+ pada penderita dewasa DBD Grade II lebih tinggi daripada penderita DBD Grade I

TESTING ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF N-HEXANE BANANA PEEL (Musa paradisiaca L.) EXTRACT WITH DPPH METHOD

               Seiring kemajuan zaman, antioksidan sebagai penangkal radikal bebas semakin banyak diteliti. Salah satu sumber pangan yang pantas diteliti ialah kulit pisang kepok (Musa paradisiaca L.). Pisang kepok adalah buah yang sangat sering dikonsumsi di Indonesia, dan merupakan pisang yang paling banyak diolah menjadi produk makanan lain, namun kulitnya dianggap sebagai limbah. Tujuan dari penelitian eksperimental ini ialah mengidentifikasi keberadaan senyawa fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan dari kulit pisang kepok menggunakan pelarut n-Heksana. Sampel yang digunakan adalah dalam konsentrasi 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, dan 500 ppm. Metode ekstraksi dilakukan dengan maserasi menggunakan 2 liter n-Heksana 96% untuk mendapatkan maserat yang kemudian diuapkan di suhu 60-70°C didalam rotary evaporator sampai didapatkan ekstrak yang kental. Pengujian meliputi skrining fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode pemerangkapan radikal bebas 2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Hasil penelitian uji skrining fitokimia ditemukan metabolit sekunder glikosida, serta hasil pengukuran aktivitas peredaman DPPH ditemukan nilai IC50 sebesar 1892,87 ppm yaitu tidak memenuhi syarat sebagai antioksidan. Maka, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kulit pisang kepok memiliki aktifitas antioksidan yang sangat lemah. Kata kunci: Antioksidan; Kulit pisang kepok; n-Heksana Abstract In these modern days, antioxidant is constantly studied for its ability to combat free radicals. One possible source of it is banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) peel. Banana is very widely consumed in Indonesia, and is very commonly processed into other food products, meanwhile the peel is regarded as waste. This experimental study objective is to identify the presence of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity from banana peel, using n-Hexane as the extraction solvent. Sample used are in concentration of 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, and 500 ppm. Extraction is done with maceration using 2 liters of 96% n-Hexane to produce macerate which is then heated to 60-70°C in a rotary evaporator until a thick extract is formed. Analysis include screening for phytochemicals and testing of antioxidant activity using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Study results show presence of the secondary metabolite glycoside, and from the DPPH scavenging activity, IC50 of banana peel is 1892.87 ppm, which is not regarded to have antioxidant property. Therefore, banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) peel is considered to have very weak antioxidant activity.

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Buku monograf ini berisi tentang perkembangan terkini kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD), aspek imunopatogenesis infeksi dengue, khususnya peranan sel T CD8+sebagai salah satu penanda imunologi yang ikut berperan menyebabkan infeksi dengue dengan gejala yang lebih berat. Di dalam buku ini juga diuraikan kajian terkait gambaran darah tepi pasien yang terinfeksi Dengue pada DBD grade I dan II. Buku monograf ini diharapkan dapat menambah wawasan dan pengetahuan pembaca, memperkaya teori serta landasan teori untuk pemahaman dan penelitian lebih lanjut khususnya peran sel T dalam aspek imunopatogenesis infeksi dengue, sehingga dapat semakin memahami peran sel T dan sel-sel imun lainnya dalam patogenesis infeksi dengue di masa yang akan datan

දුම්බරින් මතු වූ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අලුත්ම කටුස්සා

This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of betel leaf extract conducted at a concentration of 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10% as larvicide toward the development of Aedes Aegypti Sp. Aedes Aegypti Sp larvae are dangerous vectors in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in humans. The method in this research was carried out on an experimental method by using a post-test only design and sampling with a purposive sampling method. The effectiveness of betel leaf extract larvicide on the development of Aedes Aegypti Sp larvae was carried out by mixing betel leaf extract with several concentrations in one container Aedes Aegypti Sp larvae inside. The results obtained in this research were carried out by the Kruskal-Wallis test, the test found that there was a significant difference because it was given a 95% confidence index. The larvae treated with betel leaf extract with a concentration of 10% had the highest effectiveness in stopping the development of Aedes Aegypti Sp larvae, which proved at the mortality at a concentration of 10%, found total mortality of 20 larvae in 8 hours of treatment. Betel leaf extract with a concentration of 10% had the highest effectiveness of discontinuing the development of Aedes Aegypti Sp larvae.Penelitian ini dilakukan agar mendapatkan keefektivitasan ekstrak daun sirih yang dilakukan di konsentrasi 2,5%, 5,0%, 7,5%, 10% sebagai larvasida terhadap perkembangan larva Aedes Aegypti Sp. Larva Aedes Aegypti Sp merupakan vektor yang berbahaya pada penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) pada manusia. Metode pada penelitian ini dilakukan pada metode eksperimental dengan desain post-test only design dan pengambilan sample dengan metode Purposive sampling. Uji efektivitas larvasida ekstrak daun sirih terhadap perkembangan larva Aedes Aegypti Sp dilakukan dengan cara dicampurkan esktrak daun sirih dengan beberapa konsentrasi pada satu wadah yang sudah diletakkan larva Aedes Aegypti Sp. Hasil yang didapat pada penelitian ini yang dilakukan dengan uji Kruskal-Wallis, uji tersebut dijumpai bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan karena diberikan indeks kepercayaan 95%. Pada larva yang diberikan perlakuan ekstrak daun sirih dengan konsentrasi 10% memiliki efektivitas tertinggi dalam menghentikan perkembangan larva Aedes Aegypti Sp, yang terbukti kematian pada konsentrasi 10% didapati total kematian 20 larva pada 8 jam perlakuan. Ekstrak daun sirih dengan konsentrasi 10% memiliki efektivitas tertinggi dalam menghentikan perkembangan larva Aedes Aegypti Sp

The Analysis of Quality of Health Services Effect against Patient Satisfaction Patients at Royal Prima Medan Hospital

Data on visits of general patients’ outpatient Royal Prima Medan Hospital from February to August 2018 showed a decline. One factor that causes a decrease in patient visits is patient dissatisfaction with the hospital. Indicators of patient satisfaction can consist of health insurance consisting of physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and certainty, and empathy provided by the hospital to its customers. Quantitative research using cross-sectional and the number of respondents’ as many as 89 people using accidental sampling technique. Data analysis was done by multiple linear regressions. A significant influence between the qualities of health services is needed at 97.2% with a significance value of 0,000 for patient satisfaction. The results of this data analysis indicate that patients are satisfied with the health services provided by Royal Prima Medan Hospital. This shows that there are other factors that come out of this study that causes rejection of patient visits. Obtained a significant between the qualities of health services by 97.2% of patient satisfaction. For this reason, Royal Prima Medan Hospital is expected to be able to maintain and improve the quality of health services that already exist in hospitals, and find and improve other factors that cause a decrease in patient visits at the hospital

Antidiabetic Effectiveness Test of Andaliman Fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) Extract on Histopathological Changes in Peripheral Nerves: An In Vivo Study

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, and the increase in sugar levels is triggered by low insulin production or the ineffective use of insulin by the body (relatively). Diabetic neuropathy is a complication that often attacks DM patients and is the highest complication of diabetes. This study aims to test the effectiveness of Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) extract on the improved histopathology of Peripheral nerve in alloxan-induced Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). Methods: This study is an experimental study using 24 Wistar rats, which were grouped into 6 groups (1: normal, 2: negative control, 3: positive control, 4-6: DM + andaliman extract 150mg/kgBW, 250 mg/kgBW, 350 mg /kgBB). Data analysis used SPSS to determine differences in the histological conditions of peripheral nerves. Results: The administration of andaliman fruit extract at a dose of 350 mg/kgBW was most effective in inhibiting the proliferation of Schwann cells, which showed the potential of andaliman fruit extract in preventing the progression of diabetic neuropathy. The administration of andaliman fruit extract at a dose of 350 mg/kgBW also showed the most effective potential in inhibiting the inflammatory process in the peripheral nerves, which is believed to be responsible for peripheral nerve cell damage. Conclusion: Andaliman fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) extract is effective against improving the histopathology of peripheral nerves in alloxane-induced Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Effectiveness Test of Green Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betle L.) on the Growth of Candida albicans

Background: Candida albicans is a fungus that often results in opportunistic infections in humans, called candidiasis. People generally practice self-medication to treat candidiasis with azole antifungals. However, this causes resistance due to inappropriate drug or dose selection. Betel leaf extract, which contains active compounds with antifungal properties such as phenols, tannins, and flavonoids, can be used as alternative medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was an effect of green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L.) on the growth of Candida albicans. Methods: This study is an experimental study and uses the disc diffusion method. The betel leaf was extracted using the maceration method and made into concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Results: The mean inhibition zone diameters were 9.12 mm, 8.79 mm, 8.18 mm, and 8.55 mm at concentrations of 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, sequentially. Conclusion: Betel leaf extract has an antifungal effect, with the most effective concentration being 40%

Effectiveness Test of Green Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betle L.) on the Growth of Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Diseases due to infection where one of the causes is Staphylococcus aureus is one of the biggest problems faced today. Treatment using penicillin antibiotics tends to cause resistance and side effects, so people prefer to overcome them by means of self-medication or the use of traditional ingredients such as betel leaf. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of green betel leaf extract (Piper betle L.) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus on the antibacterial activity. Methods: This study is experimental research in vitro using a well diffusion method. The betel leaf was extracted using the maceration method and made into concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Results: The average diameter of the inhibition zones was 9.82 mm, 9.11 mm, 9.28 mm, and 9.01 mm at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, sequentially. Conclusion: The antibacterial activity of betel leaf extract in the overall concentration and the most optimal concentration was 5% at 9.82 mm