Development of Viscous Techniques for Application to Weapons Configuration Throughout the Flight Regime. A Review. G.U. Aero Report 9119

This report provides a review of current technology on the prediction of viscous flows using numerical techniques for applications to weapons configurations. The work is aimed at aiding the preparation of a strategy for advising a capability for predicting the aerodynamics of weapon configuration and to eventually bring such a strategy to fruition. Such a strategy would have to involve a long term research and development programme

Generalized Differential Quadrature and Its Application. G.U. Aero Report 9117

The technique of differential quadrature (DQ) for the solution of a partial differential equation is extended and generalized in this paper. The general formulation for determining the weighting coefficients of the first order derivative is obtained. A recurrence relationship for determining the weighting coefficients of the second and higher order partial derivatives is also obtained, and it is shown that generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) can be considered as a finite difference scheme of the highest order. Three typical formulas of weighting coefficients for the first order derivative are also given in the paper. The error estimations for the function and derivative approximation, and the eigenvalue structures of some basic GDQ spatial discretization matrices have been studied. The application of GDQ to model problems showed that accurate results can be obtained using a small number of grid points

Multidomain Solutions of Incompressible Flows with Complex Geometry by Generalized Differential Quadrature. G.U. Aero Report 9118

A multi-domain generalized differential quadrature method for the solution of two-dimensional, steady, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the stream function-vorticity formulation around an arbitrary geometry is presented, and applied to the flows past a backward facing step and a square step in a channel. In each subdomain, the spatial derivatives are discretized by local generalized differential quadrature. The resultant set of ordinary differential equations for vorticity are solved by the 4-stage Runge-Kutta scheme, and the set of algebraic equations for the stream function are solved by LU decomposition. Patching conditions at the interface of subdomains are used. A residual averaging technique is applied to accelerate the convergence to steady state resolution. Good agreement is obtained, compared with available experimental data and other numerical results even though only a few grid points are used

Generalized Differential-Integral Quadrature and the Solution of the Boundary Layer Equations. G.U. Aero Report 9122

The global methods of generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) and generalized integral quadrature (GIQ) for solutions of partial differential and integral equations are presented in this paper. These methods approximate the derivatives and integrals by a linear combination of all the functional values in the overall domain, where the weighting coefficients can be readily identified. The error estimations of GDQ and GIQ have also been analysed. Application of GDQ and GIQ to solve boundary layer equations demonstrated that accurate numerical results can be obtained using just a few grid points

Application of Generalised Differential Quadrature to Solve Two-Dimensional Incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations. G.U. Aero Report 9227

A global method of generalized differential quadrature is applied to solve the two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in the vorticity-stream function formulation. Numerical results for the flow past a circular cylinder were obtained using just a few grid points. Good agreements are achieved, compared with the experimental data

SFDN-α-GMRES and SQN-α-GMRES Methods for Fast High Resolution N-S Simulations. G.U. Aero Report 9230

No abstract available

Affordable High Powered Clustered Computing for Aerospace Simulation. G.U. Aero Report 9911

Motivated by a lack of sufficient local and national computing facilities for computational fluid dynamics simulations, the Affordable Systems Computing Unit (ASCU) was established to investigate low cost alternatives. The options considered have all involved cluster computing, a term which refers to the grouping of a number of components into a managed system capable of running both serial and parallel applications. Past work by the Unit has demonstrated the significant improvement in the efficiency of a Network of Workstations when management software is employed to scavenge spare cycles and schedule tasks, and has also investigated the use of a managed network for parallel CFD. The present work aims to extend this effort to a higher performance cluster based on commodity processors used for dedicated batch processing. The performance of the cluster has proved to be extremely cost effective, producing a 3 Gigaflops plus peak performance for less than 25K U.K. pounds sterling at current market prices. The experience gained on this system in terms of single node performance, message passing and parallel performance will be discussed. In particular, comparisons with the performance of other systems will be made. A large scale CFD simulation achieved using the new cluster will be presented to demonstrate the potential of commodity processor based parallel computers for aerodynamic simulation

Effects of dairy intake on weight maintenance

Background: To compare the effects of low versus recommended levels of dairy intake on weight maintenance and body composition subsequent to weight loss. Design and Methods: Two site (University of Kansas-KU; University of Tennessee-UT), 9 month, randomized trial. Weight loss was baseline to 3 months, weight maintenance was 4 to 9 months. Participants were maintained randomly assigned to low dairy ( 3 servings/d) diets for the maintenance phase. Three hundred thirty eight men and women, age: 40.3 ± 7.0 years and BMI: 34.5 ± 3.1, were randomized; Change in weight and body composition (total fat, trunk fat) from 4 to 9 months were the primary outcomes. Blood chemistry, blood pressure, resting metabolism, and respiratory quotient were secondary outcomes. Energy intake, calcium intake, dairy intake, and physical activity were measured as process evaluation. Results: During weight maintenance, there were no overall significant differences for weight or body composition between the low and recommended dairy groups. A significant site interaction occurred with the low dairy group at KU maintaining weight and body composition and the low dairy group at UT increasing weight and body fat. The recommended dairy group exhibited reductions in plasma 1,25-(OH)2-D while no change was observed in the low dairy group. No other differences were found for blood chemistry, blood pressure or physical activity between low and recommended dairy groups. The recommended dairy group showed significantly greater energy intake and lower respiratory quotient compared to the low dairy group. Conclusion: Weight maintenance was similar for low and recommended dairy groups. The recommended dairy group exhibited evidence of greater fat oxidation and was able to consume greater energy without greater weight gain compared to the low dairy group. Recommended levels of dairy products may be used during weight maintenance without contributing to weight gain compared to diets low in dairy products. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT0068642

Net neutrality discourses: comparing advocacy and regulatory arguments in the United States and the United Kingdom

Telecommunications policy issues rarely make news, much less mobilize thousands of people. Yet this has been occurring in the United States around efforts to introduce "Net neutrality" regulation. A similar grassroots mobilization has not developed in the United Kingdom or elsewhere in Europe. We develop a comparative analysis of U.S. and UK Net neutrality debates with an eye toward identifying the arguments for and against regulation, how those arguments differ between the countries, and what the implications of those differences are for the Internet. Drawing on mass media, advocacy, and regulatory discourses, we find that local regulatory precedents as well as cultural factors contribute to both agenda setting and framing of Net neutrality. The differences between national discourses provide a way to understand both the structural differences between regulatory cultures and the substantive differences between policy interpretations, both of which must be reconciled for the Internet to continue to thrive as a global medium

Net neutrality discourses: comparing advocacy and regulatory arguments in the United States and the United Kingdom

Telecommunications policy issues rarely make news, much less mobilize thousands of people. Yet this has been occurring in the United States around efforts to introduce "Net neutrality" regulation. A similar grassroots mobilization has not developed in the United Kingdom or elsewhere in Europe. We develop a comparative analysis of U.S. and UK Net neutrality debates with an eye toward identifying the arguments for and against regulation, how those arguments differ between the countries, and what the implications of those differences are for the Internet. Drawing on mass media, advocacy, and regulatory discourses, we find that local regulatory precedents as well as cultural factors contribute to both agenda setting and framing of Net neutrality. The differences between national discourses provide a way to understand both the structural differences between regulatory cultures and the substantive differences between policy interpretations, both of which must be reconciled for the Internet to continue to thrive as a global medium