Tiesuolalogistiikka

Tämän opinnäytetyön tilaajana toimii YIT Rakennus Oy. Opinnäytetyö on kehittämisprojekti, jonka tavoitteena on tuottaa tilaajalle visuaalinen hallintajärjestelmä tiesuolan materiaalivirtojen seuraamiseen. Työn lähteenä on käytetty Liikenneviraston julkaisemaa materiaalia teiden kunnossapidosta sekä YIT:n eri työmaiden tuottama dataa teiden kunnossapidosta. Kehittämisprojektin lähtötietoina käytetään olemassa olevaa dataa tiesuolasta, lisäksi projektissa kartoitetaan uusia tapoja hyödyntää olemassa olevaa dataa, yhdenmukaistetaan eri työmaiden käytäntöjä kerätä dataa sekä tuodaan mahdollisuus koko organisaatiolle hyödyntää kerättyä dataa. Työssä kerrotaan myös yleisten teiden kunnossapidosta, teiden hoitoluokista, liukkaudentorjunnasta suolaamalla sekä tiesuolan varastoinnista, kuljetuksesta sekä materiaalivirtojen hallinnasta yleisesti. Työn tuloksena on syntynyt uusi hallintajärjestelmä tiesuolan materiaalivirtojen hallintaan sekä uusia toimintatapaehdotuksia liukkaudentorjuntamateriaalien hallinnasta kerättävään dataan.This Bachelor´s thesis was commissioned by YIT Construction Ltd. The purpose of the thesis was to develop a visual control system to follow the materials flow of the ice-control salt. Another aim was to explore new ways to utilize the existing data, standardize the practice of different construction sites to collect data and provide the organization with the possibility to utilize the collected data. The sources used in the thesis were the existing data and studies on the topic including the material published by Finnish Transport Agency and the data provided by YIT´s various construction sites on road maintenance. This thesis also discusses general road maintenance, road maintenance classes, antiskid treatment through ice-control salt, storage of ice-control salt, transportation and general material flow management. As a result of the thesis a new management system for the management of road salt material flows was produced. The thesis also includes suggestions for the control of ice-control salt material

Weight loss and fecal occult blood in stool in response to DSS.

<p>n = 6 for Ct and Sh groups; n = 9 for ICR groups. Values are given as Mean ± SEM. Experiments were performed 2x with n = 3 in each of the control and sham groups, and 3x with an n = 3 for the ICR groups. (A) Animal weight from day of surgery (Day 0) to DSS treatment (Day 9–13). Mice in the ICR-D group showed significant weight loss by day 15. *p<0.05 compared with Ct, Ct-D, Sh, and Sh-D. (B) Animal weight from day of surgery (Day 0) to DSS treatment (Day 24–28). There were no significant changes in body weight over the course of the experiment. (C,D) Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrating time to occult blood positive stools. Significance was determined using the log-rank test for equality in survivor analysis. ICR mice showed a significantly earlier onset of occult blood positive stools compared with Ct-D and Sh-D groups in both the early DSS group (C) and in the late DSS group (D).</p

Cell counts from immunofluorescence stained colonic tissue sections.

<p>(A) Cells labelled with CD11c and CD11b. In controls, DSS treatment decreased numbers of CD11c+ cells and increased numbers of CD11b+ cells. At day 16, ICR mice had decreased CD11c+ cells and increased CD11b+ cells. DSS treatment in ICR mice eliminated the rise in CD11b+ cells. At day 31, CD11c+ cells remained decreased in the ICR and ICR-D groups, but CD11b+ cells had increased in both groups. Data is shown as Mean ± SEM. Counts were performed on 6 representative photomicrographs from n = 3/group. * p ≤ 0.05 relative to Ct. (B) Cells labelled with CD11c and CD103. ICR and ICR-D mice had increased numbers of CD11c+CD103+ cells at day 16 and at day 31. Data is shown as Mean ± SEM. Counts were performed on 6 representative photomicrographs from n = 3/group. * p ≤ 0.05 relative to Ct and Ct-D. (C) Cells labelled with F4/80 and NOS2/F4/80. At day 16 and 31, ICR and ICR-D mice had increased levels of F4/80+ cells. Data is shown as Mean ± SEM. Counts were performed on 6 representative photomicrographs from n = 3/group. * p ≤ 0.05 relative to Ct and Ct-D; # p ≤ 0.05 with Ct; +p<0.05 compared with Day 16 ICR and ICR-D.</p

Timeline of experiments in two separate cohorts of ICR mice.

<p>All mice were placed on a liquid diet one day prior to surgery. Following ICR, mice remained on a liquid diet for 2 days, and then were placed back on chow diet. In Group 1, DSS was administered between days 9 and 13 post-op, followed by water for 2 days. Mice were sacrificed on Day 16 and tissues removed for analysis. In Group 2, DSS was administered between days 24 and 28 post-op, followed by water for 2 days. Mice were then scarified on day 31 and tissues removed for analysis.</p

Phenotypic characterization of mice.

<p>(A) Tissue weight to length ratios in the ileum. ICR and ICR-D mice had increased weight/length in the neo-terminal ileum at day 16 post-op (early DSS) compared with control and sham mice. This was maintained through day 31 (late DSS). DSS treatment did not induce any further increases in weight/length ratio. *p<0.05compared with Ct, Ct-D, Sh, and Sh-D. (B) MPO levels in ileum. Ileal MPO was increased at day 16 in the ICR and ICR-D mice (Group 1—early DSS) but had returned to control levels by day 31 (Group 2- late DSS). DSS did not induce any changes in MPO levels. *p<0.05 compared with Ct, Ct-D, Sh, and Sh-D. (C) Tissue weight to length ratio in the colon. DSS treatment increased weight/length ratios in control and sham groups. ICR and ICR-D mice had increased weight/length ratios at day 31 post-op (late DSS) compared with controls and sham mice. *p<0.05 compared with Ct and Sh. (D) MPO levels in colon. DSS treatment increased MPO levels in control (Ct-D) and sham (Sh-D) groups. In the ICR mice, MPO was increased at day 16 (Group 1 –early DSS) compared with controls and sham mice. MPO decreased by day 31 (Group 2- late DSS) and was not increased by DSS treatment in the ICR mice. *p<0.01 compared with C and Sh. #p<0.05 compared with Ct and Sh. (E) 16s gene copy number in terminal ileum. There was a significant increase in bacterial load in the ICR groups by day 31 (Group 2 –late DSS). * p≤0.05 relative to Ct and Sh.</p

Photomicrographs of double immunofluorescence stained tissue section from colon (40X).

<p>(A) Staining for mononuclear phagocyte markers CD11c (Alexa Flour 488-green) and CD11b (Alexa Flour 594-red). CD11c+CD11b- cells were the dominant populations in controls (Ct). DSS and ICR led to a reduction in CD11c+CD11b- cells. CD11c^-CD11b⁺ cells increased following DSS and by day 31 in ICR group. (B) Staining for migratory dendritic cell populations with CD11c (Alex Flour 488-green) and CD103 (Alexa Flour 594-red). CD11c+CD103+ cells were rarely detected in the villi of non-operative animals but were increased with ICR. This population was typically visualized deep in the lamina propria. (C) Staining for macrophage populations with F4/80 (Alexa Flour 594-red) and NOS2 (Alexa Flour 488-green). F4/80+ cells were dispersed through the lamina propria and increased with DSS and ICR. Co-localization of F4/80 and NOS2 was higher in DSS treated controls and long term ICR groups.</p

ICR blunts systemic responses.

<p>(A) Macrophage and dendritic cell subsets determined by pre-gating for antigen presenting cells followed by identification of CD11c, CD11b and F4/80 expression. (B) Total mean ± SEM proportion of antigen presenting cells for gated macrophages and dendritic cells. (C) IL-6, (D) IL-10, and (E) TNFα secretion from splenic cell cultures under basal conditions and following stimulation with stool slurry (Stool) or LPS. Results are representative of 6 independent experiments. * p ≤ 0.05 relative to Ct, + p ≤ 0.05 relative to Ct-D.</p

Weight loss and fecal occult blood in stool in response to DSS.

<p>n = 6 for Ct and Sh groups; n = 9 for ICR groups. Values are given as Mean ± SEM. Experiments were performed 2x with n = 3 in each of the control and sham groups, and 3x with an n = 3 for the ICR groups. (A) Animal weight from day of surgery (Day 0) to DSS treatment (Day 9–13). Mice in the ICR-D group showed significant weight loss by day 15. *p<0.05 compared with Ct, Ct-D, Sh, and Sh-D. (B) Animal weight from day of surgery (Day 0) to DSS treatment (Day 24–28). There were no significant changes in body weight over the course of the experiment. (C,D) Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrating time to occult blood positive stools. Significance was determined using the log-rank test for equality in survivor analysis. ICR mice showed a significantly earlier onset of occult blood positive stools compared with Ct-D and Sh-D groups in both the early DSS group (C) and in the late DSS group (D).</p

Serum cytokine levels.

<p>Ct-D groups had increased levels of IL-1β, CXCL1, IL-6, TNFα, and IFNγ compared with Ct, ICR, and ICR-D. Results are representative of 6 independent experiments. * p ≤ 0.05 relative to Ct, ICR, and ICR-D.</p

Timeline of experiments in two separate cohorts of ICR mice.

<p>All mice were placed on a liquid diet one day prior to surgery. Following ICR, mice remained on a liquid diet for 2 days, and then were placed back on chow diet. In Group 1, DSS was administered between days 9 and 13 post-op, followed by water for 2 days. Mice were sacrificed on Day 16 and tissues removed for analysis. In Group 2, DSS was administered between days 24 and 28 post-op, followed by water for 2 days. Mice were then scarified on day 31 and tissues removed for analysis.</p