The Nambu sum rule and the relation between the masses of composite Higgs bosons

We review the known results on the bosonic spectrum in various NJL models both in the condensed matter physics and in relativistic quantum field theory including $^3$He-B, $^3$He-A, the thin films of superfluid He-3, and QCD (Hadronic phase and the Color Flavor Locking phase). Next, we calculate bosonic spectrum in the relativistic model of top quark condensation suggested in \cite{Miransky}. In all considered cases the sum rule appears that relates the masses (energy gaps) $M_{boson}$ of the bosonic excitations in each channel with the mass (energy gap) of the condensed fermion $M_f$ as $\sum M_{boson}^2 = 4 M_f^2$. Previously this relation was established by Nambu in \cite{Nambu} for $^3$He-B and for the s - wave superconductor. We generalize this relation to the wider class of models and call it the Nambu sum rule. We discuss the possibility to apply this sum rule to various models of top quark condensation. In some cases this rule allows to calculate the masses of extra Higgs bosons that are the Nambu partners of the 125 GeV Higgs.Comment: Latex, 15 page

Особенности финансового состояния компаний с убывающими доходами

The recent rise in inflation in Europe, caused by the pandemic, the increase in prices for energy resources and the violation of the logistics of energy supplies, has led to a decrease in company income. This makes it relevant to study the financial condition of companies with falling revenues. The purpose of this study is the development of tools for quantifying the impact of falling company incomes is becoming essential for making adequate management decisions. Until recently, such tools in capital structure theory did not exist. Two main theories of the capital cost and capital structure — Brusov — Filatova — Orekhova (BFO) theory and Modigliani — Miller (MM) theory — described companies with constant revenue: the first — for arbitrary age company, the second — for perpetuity companies. Within last couple years both these theories have been generalized for the case of variable revenue. In this paper the peculiar properties of the financial state of companies with falling income are studied within the modern capital cost and capital structure theory — Brusov–Filatova– Orekhova (BFO) theory, generalized for the case of variable revenue. As part of the goal, the tasks are solved to study the behavior of the main financial indicators (the cost of raising capital, the discount rate, the company’s capitalization, the cost of equity, and others), their dependence on debt financing, the age of the company in the face of declining income, which will make it possible to make adequate management decisions and reduce risks for companies.  Недавний рост инфляции в Европе, вызванный пандемией, ростом цен на энергоресурсы и нарушением логистики энергопоставок, привел к снижению доходов компаний. Это делает актуальным изучение финансового состояния компаний с падающей выручкой. Целью настоящего исследования является разработка инструментов для количественной оценки влияния падения доходов компании на ее финансовые индикаторы, что необходимо для принятия адекватных управленческих решений. До недавнего времени таких инструментов в теории структуры капитала не существовало. Две основные теории стоимости капитала и структуры капитала — Брусова–Филатовой–Ореховой (БФО) и Модильяни–Миллера (ММ) — описывали компании с постоянным доходом: первая — для компаний произвольного возраста, вторая — для бессрочных компаний. За последние пару лет обе эти теории были обобщены на случай переменных доходов. В данной работе особенности финансового состояния компаний с падающими доходами исследуются в рамках современной теории стоимости и структуры капитала — теории Брусова–Филатовой–Ореховой (БФО), обобщенной на случай переменных доходов. В рамках поставленной цели решаются задачи по изучению поведения основных финансовых показателей (стоимости привлечения капитала, ставки дисконтирования, капитализации компании, стоимости собственного капитала и других), их зависимости от заемного финансирования, возраста компании в условиях снижения доходов, что позволит принять адекватные управленческие решения и снизить риски для компаний

Выбор препарата инфузионной терапии в раннем послеоперационном периоде у детей

The choice of drug for initial fluid therapy in the early postoperative period is important in terms of clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the combination treatment.The aim of the study was to compare the effects of a succinate-containing solution and 0.9% NaCl solution when used as a drug of initial intravenous fluid therapy in early postoperative period in children.Materials and methods. A prospective randomized trial was conducted with participation of 43 patients having ASA II—III score after elective surgical interventions with a duration of 1-3 hours. In Group I («N») (n=23) the patients received continuous infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution in the early postoperative period (within 3 hours after the operation), in Group 2 («R») (n=20) continuous infusion of a succinate-containing solution was administered in 2.3 (1.6; 2.8) mode. The inter- and intragroup differences during the study were estimated by the changes of water-electrolyte and acid-base balance, basal metabolism, and phase angle (estimated integral index of cellular membranes condition) values. The data were recorded during the 5 stages of the study: 1 — immediately upon ICU admission (baseline), 2 — 60 minutes, 3 — 90 minutes, 4 — 120 minutes, 5 — 180 minutes after the ICU admission.Results. Significant differences in plasma potassium level between the groups 60 minutes (P=0.01) and 180 minutes (P=0.04) after the initiation of drugs infusion were found. In group N, at the 2nd stage, a 7% decrease in the potassium level was observed, while in group R, it increased by 2.1% as compared with the baseline. By the end of the study, potassium level decreased by 6.9% in group N and by 6.5% in group R. The intragroup differences were significant in Group N at the 2nd (P=0.02) and 5th (P=0.01) stages. In group R, no significant differences vs the baseline were found at any stage. In all cases, the values were within the reference values. In group N, at the 2nd stage the sodium concentration increased compared with the 1st stage by 2.1% (P=0.01). In group R, at the 5th stage, a significant decrease of Cl- concentration by 2.7% (P=0.01) was observed. The acid-base status showed a trend towards mixed acidosis at the 2nd stage in both groups, with the similarly significant pH reduction by 1.3% vs the baseline, whereas at 5th stage the decrease of pH was more significant in Group N (by 1.2% vs the baseline) than in Group R (by 0.9%) (P=0.01). In group N, the phase angle value was found to decrease by 8.6% at the 2nd stage and by 6% at the 5th stage (P=0.01). In group R no significant differences in the phase angle values were found.Conclusion. The succinate-containing solution has more favorable effect on the water-electrolyte and blood acid-base balance, as well as the state of cell membranes compared with the 0.9% NaCl solution.Выбор препарата стартовой инфузионной терапии в раннем послеоперационном периоде актуален с позиции клинической эффективности, определяющей также и экономическую целесообразность комплекса лечебных мероприятий.Цель исследования. Сравнительная оценка сукцинатсодержащего раствора и раствора 0,9% NaCl в качестве препарата стартовой инфузионной терапии в раннем послеоперационном периоде у детей.Материалы и методы. Провели проспективное рандомизированное исследование методом случайной выборки у 43 пациентов с оценкой по ASA II-III после плановых хирургических вмешательств, длительностью 1-3 часа. В 1-й группе «N», (n=23) дети в раннем послеоперационном периоде (в течение 3 ч после операции) получали непрерывную инфузию раствора 0,9% NaCl, во 2-й группе «R», (n=20) — инфузию в режиме 2,3 (1,6; 2,8) сукцинатсодержащим раствором. Межгрупповое и внутригрупповое различие на этапах исследования оценивали по динамике водно-электролитного и кислотно-основного состояния (КОС), основного обмена и значений фазового угла — расчетного интегрального показателя состояния мембран клеточных структур. Данные регистрировали на 5 этапах исследования: 1 — сразу при поступлении в ОРИТ (исходные данные), 2 — через 60 минут, 3 — через 90 минут, 4 — через 120 минут, 5 — через 180 минут от момента поступления в ОРИТ.Результаты. Концентрация калия в плазме крови значимо различалась между группами через 60 (p=0,01) и 180 минут (p=0,04) после начала инфузии препаратов. В группе N на 2-м этапе отмечали снижение показателя на 7%, а в группе R увеличение на 2,1%, по отношению к исходному значению. К концу исследования концентрация калия снижалась в группе N на 6,9% и в группе R — на 6,5%. Внутригрупповые различия были значимы в группе N на 2-м (p=0,02) и 5-м (p=0,01) этапах. В группе R ни на одном этапе не выявили значимых различий от исходных значений. Во всех случаях значения показателя находились в пределах референсных значений. В группе N на 2-м этапе содержание натрия достоверно повышалось от значений 1-го этапа на 2,1% (p=0,01). В группе R на 5-м этапе наблюдали значимое снижение содержания Cl- на 2,7% (p=0,01). Динамика показателей КОС характеризовалась тенденцией к смешанному ацидозу на 2-м этапе в обеих группах, отмечали одинаковое значимое снижение pH на 1,3% от исходного значения, а к 5-у этапу — снижение pH было более выражено в группе N — на 1,2% от исходного значения, в группе R — на 0,9%, соответственно (p=0,01). В группе N выявили снижение значения фазового угла на 8,6% на 2-м этапе и на 6% к 5-у этапу исследования (p=0,01). В группе R значимых различий в динамике значений фазового угла не обнаружили.Заключение. Сукцинатсодержащий раствор благоприятнее влияет на водно-электролитный баланс, КОС плазмы крови, состояние клеточных мембран в сравнении с раствором 0,9% NaCl

Why holes are not like electrons. II. The role of the electron-ion interaction

In recent work, we discussed the difference between electrons and holes in energy band in solids from a many-particle point of view, originating in the electron-electron interaction, and argued that it has fundamental consequences for superconductivity. Here we discuss the fact that there is also a fundamental difference between electrons and holes already at the single particle level, arising from the electron-ion interaction. The difference between electrons and holes due to this effect parallels the difference due to electron-electron interactions: {\it holes are more dressed than electrons}. We propose that superconductivity originates in 'undressing' of carriers from $both$ electron-electron and electron-ion interactions, and that both aspects of undressing have observable consequences.Comment: Continuation of Phys.Rev.B65, 184502 (2002) = cond-mat/0109385 (2001

КОМПЛЕКС СТЕНДОВ ДЛЯ ИСПЫТАНИЯ ШАССИ НА ВОЗДУШНОЙ ПОДУШКЕ ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНЫХ АППАРАТОВ И ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ СРЕДСТВ

This article deals with a set of stands made in NIMK TSAGI for testing and creating the air cushion chassis for the aircraft and vehicles. It allows to fully embrace the process of developing and constructing the air cushion chassis for aircraft and solve problems relating to peculiarities of such aircraft on the takeoff, landing and movement in the elementary prepared and unprepared soil runways, flat terrain and water areas. The complex includes: the experimental installation to study aeroelasticity phenomena of the chassis in the extending and retracting process with simulation of aircraft and ekranoplane takeoff and landing modes in the air flow, including the wind tunnels; the experimental stand with vertical screen for testing of ekranoplane models in T-5 wind tunnel of NIMC TsAGI, permitting to simultaneously vary the model’s position relatively to the screen, roll, pitch (angle of attack), and banking; mobile experimental stand with contact crawler gear, for experimental determination and comparative evaluation of the chassis with different patterns of formation and air cushion fences for all-year-round testing in natural conditions at elementary-prepared and unprepared sites and water areas. Based on mathematical simulation of flow past in the wind tunnel the possibility of use booth stand with vertical screen and experimental installation to study aeroelasticity phenomena of the chassis for experimental studies, respectively, by definition of the aerodynamic characteristics of forces and moments of the air cushion aircraft and ekranoplanes models and the research of phenomena of aeroelasticity of flexible fencing is substantiated.В данной статье рассматривается комплекс стендов, созданных в НИМК ЦАГИ для отработки и создания шасси на воздушной подушке (ШВП) для летательных аппаратов (ЛА) и транспортных средств. Он позволяет в полной мере охватить процесс разработки и конструирования шасси ЛА на ВП и решить вопросы, связанные с особенностями таких ЛА на взлете, при посадке и движении по элементарно подготовленным и неподготовленным грунтовым ВПП, площадкам равнинной местности и водным акваториям. В состав комплекса входит: экспериментальная установка для исследования явлений аэроупругости ШВП в процессах выпуска и уборки и с имитацией взлетно-посадочных режимов полета самолетов и экранопланов с ШВП в набегающем потоке воздуха, в том числе в аэродинамических трубах (АДТ); стенд с вертикальным экраном для аэродинамических испытаний моделей экранопланов и самолетов с ШВП в АДТ Т-5 НИМК ЦАГИ на шестикомпонентных автоматизированных весах с возможностью одновременного варьирования расположения модели относительно экрана по высоте, крену, тангажу (углу атаки) и скольжению; подвижный стенд с контактным гусеничным движителем для экспериментального определения и сравнительной оценки характеристик ШВП с различными схемами формирования и ограждениями ВП для круглогодичных испытаний в натурных условиях на элементарно подготовленных и неподготовленных площадках и акваториях. На основе математического моделирования обтекания потоком воздуха в АДТ стенда с вертикальным экраном и установки для исследования явлений аэроупругости гибких ограждений обоснована возможность использования стенда и установки для экспериментальных исследований, соответственно, по определению аэродинамических характеристик сил и моментов моделей ЛА с ШВП и экранопланов и исследований явлений аэроупругости гибких ограждений

COMPLEMENT SYSTEM AS A MARKER OF IMMUNE DYSFUNCTION IN CHILDREN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS

It is known that functional activity of complement system depends not only on balance and concentration of components participating in formation of the system end products, but also on levels of inhibitory activities. Numerous relations with hemostasis also substantially contribute to general level of complement system activity. Changes in complement system functioning are inevitable during chronic diseases accompanied with immune system dysregulation. All mental diseases tend to be chronic and are they aggravated by patients’ immune system changes. Autism spectrum disorders in children is a group of mental disorders. Immune system dysregulation is usually detected in such patients, manifesting as excessive susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections. Therefore, the level of its functional activity is diagnostically and prognostically significant in this pathology, since the complement system is a key element of immune system.We have evaluated functional activity of complement system in patients with autistic spectrum disorders, using the method which was developed earlier. It is based on the reaction of the protozoa (Tetrahymena pyriformis) which are both targets and activators for the complement system. The complement system capacity (cSC) was used as the main parameter of complement evaluation. The half-time of protozoa survival (T50) was defined using the BioLat device for each serum specimen added at four concentrations (1/20, 1/40, 1/80, 1/160 dilution). The complement capacity was calculated as the area enclosed by influence curve of the reciprocals of T50 and the serum dilution. According to Mann–Whitney U test, the difference between patients’ and healthy volunteers’ groups was established as Z = 4.43 (by T50 at 1/160 dilution), p < 0.001 and by cSCas Z = 5.8, p < 0.001. cSC was calculated from the results obtained at each serum concentration measured. The difference between the two groups according to Mann–Whitney U test appeared to be more significant than the difference according to T50. Therefore, cSC was taken as the main characteristic of complement system function.The contribution of hemostasis plasma components to complement system functional activity level was estimated by determination of complement capacity in plasma and serum of each blood sample from 6 patients with autism spectrum disorders and 5 healthy donors. All healthy donors showed small difference between plasma and serum complement capacity, and their complement activity was higher in plasma. In patients’ group, the complement capacity levels in plasma and serum differed significantly. The cSC levels of two patients were higher in serum than in plasma, and the cSC levels of three other patients were significantly higher in plasma than in serum. Differential involvement of coagulation into the complement system activation may be indicative for the immune system dysfunction which is observed in patients with autistic spectrum disorders of different etiology

A NEW METHOD TO ASSESS FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF SERUM COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

Complement system is an important component of innate immunity, providing primary protection against pathogens invading the body. In addition, it was shown that the complement system is associated with many diseases, not only autoimmune and infectious, but also mental disorders. In this regard, it is necessary to develop affordable and fast method of measuring activity of the complement system in real-time mode. We present a new semi-automated method for assessment of serum complement activity. The assay is based on cytolytic action of complement system upon the ciliate organism Tetrahymena pyriformis. This method consists in repeated counting of live Tetrahymena motile cells by means of specially developed Biolat device, which consists of two video cameras, light sources, and movable round plate. The plate has two rows of holes. The device also includes microprocessor control unit based on AutoCiliata software, intended for control of operation module and counting the surviving cell. The calculations are based on fixation of two sequential video-frames, with subsequent software image processing. Cell death events were observed upon incubation in triethanolamine (TEA) buffer containing 5% of blood serum. We have also compared complement activity in different buffers, i.e., standard medium for culturing of ciliates, Veronal-Medinalum buffer, and the TEA buffer. TEA buffer was found superior to the Veronal buffer when applied in the test system. The time of cell death in the TEA-buffered medium containing 5% serum was < 15 minutes for all the sera studied. The parameters denoting serum complement activity were as follows: a half-life time for the moving cells (TLD50), and a similar value for 100% cell inactivation (1/TLD50, functional activity of the complement system, ACS). The sensitivity of this assay was calculated from dependencies between TLD50 and ACS, and actual serum concentrations. We have suggested an opportunity for evaluation of an integral complement activity, and interrelations between the intensity of synthesis and consumption of its major effector proteins. In the course of this study, we have tested different concentrations of Ca++ and Mg++ ions in the incubation buffer, with optimal physiological concentrations of2.5 mMand1.5 mM, respectively. We have also estimated statistical precision characteristics for pre-analytical and analytical steps of the method. The average coefficients of variation (CV) were 3.9% and 2.7%, respectively, thus satisfying the reliability criteria in research. A short performance time of the study suggests its potential application in clinical practice, including online examination regimens. A method for semi-automatic measurement of serum complement activity could be applicable in daily clinical practice, including the online performance

CDMS, Supersymmetry and Extra Dimensions

The CDMS experiment aims to directly detect massive, cold dark matter particles originating from the Milky Way halo. Charge and lattice excitations are detected after a particle scatters in a Ge or Si crystal kept at ~30 mK, allowing to separate nuclear recoils from the dominating electromagnetic background. The operation of 12 detectors in the Soudan mine for 75 live days in 2004 delivered no evidence for a signal, yielding stringent limits on dark matter candidates from supersymmetry and universal extra dimensions. Thirty Ge and Si detectors are presently installed in the Soudan cryostat, and operating at base temperature. The run scheduled to start in 2006 is expected to yield a one order of magnitude increase in dark matter sensitivity.Comment: To be published in the proceedings of the 7th UCLA symposium on sources and detection of dark matter and dark energy in the universe, Marina del Rey, Feb 22-24, 200

Observation of Dispersion in the J=2+ Collective Modes of He-3-B by Nonlinear Acoustic Spectroscopy

Parametric excitation yields new results, which cannot be obtained by conventional linear spectroscopy, on the collective modes in superfluid He-3-B. In our ultrasonic experiments, performed in a chamber with four quartz crystals, we have excited the real squashing (J = 2+) modes by two simultaneous sound waves which are mutually either parallel, orthogonal, or antiparallel. Qualitatively these results are in agreement with the theoretical dispersion relation of the J = 2+ modes, and quantitatively we have been able to extract the collective-mode velocities from the line splittings in zero magnetic field

Limits on spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon interactions from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search

The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) is an experiment to detect weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) based on their interactions with Ge and Si nuclei. We report the results of an analysis of data from the first two runs of CDMS at the Soudan Underground Laboratory in terms of spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon interactions on 73Ge and 29Si. These data exclude new regions of spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon interaction parameter space, including regions relevant to spin-dependent interpretations of the annual modulation signal reported by the DAMA/NaI experiment.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures; replacement to match published versio