La voix dans le théâtre de Marcel Pagnol : cinémaet disque, lieux de conservation d’une parole populaire

L’esthétique dramatique de Marcel Pagnol repose sur la fidélité de retranscription d’une langue parlée et populaire, d’un accent. Aussi, sa faveur pour l’enregistrement phonographique vient de son travail sur la diction et sur la voix de ses comédiens qui sont au cœur de ses préoccupations théâtrales. Son théâtre est écho et repose tout entier sur une mémoire phonique. Conscient du caractère éphémère et volatile du théâtre, qu’il oppose aux pouvoirs d’impression et de conservation du cinéma, Marcel Pagnol se sert du cinéma comme d’une nouvelle possibilité de diffusion phonographique de son théâtre. La circulation de son œuvre entre théâtre, cinéma et disque montre qu’il conçoit ces arts comme des médias qui diffusent et, pour certains, fixent la parole populaire. Nous nous interrogerons sur le paradoxe qui consiste à recourir aux techniques d’enregistrement modernes pour fixer un monde en voie/x de disparition : le monde rural et artisanal du sud de la FranceMarcel Pagnol’s dramatic esthetics is based on a true-to-life retranscription of popular speech, of the spoken word, of an accent. Thus, his taste for phonographic recording originates in his work upon his comedians’ diction and voice which are at the heart of his dramatic concerns. His drama essentially is echo and entirely rests on vocal memory. Fully aware of the transient and ephemeral character of drama, which he contrasts with the movie’s imprinting and conservative power, Marcel Pagnol uses the movie as a new possibility for the phonographic diffusion of his plays. The circulation of his work between drama, cinema and disc shows that he conceives these arts as media which spread and, regarding some, fix popular speech. We shall interrogate the paradox which consists in resorting to modern recording techniques to fix a world on its way to vocal/local extinction: the craftsman’s rural world of southern France

Les friches urbaines : vers une reconnaissance de la nature spontanée dans les politiques locales ? Etude de cas dans deux agglomérations ligériennes

Les friches urbaines, espaces transitoires colonisés par une végétation spontanée, peuvent être supports de biodiversité et d'usages informels parfois intenses et diversifiés. L’objectif de notre étude est de comprendre si la valeur écologique des friches est reconnue, à travers l’analyse de différents documents cadrant les politiques d’aménagement du territoire et de conservation de la nature (documents juridiques, cadres et de planification stratégique). Les résultats de notre étude, réalisée dans les agglomérations de Tours et de Blois (région Centre Val-de-Loire), montrent que, dans ces documents, les friches sont présentées comme des opportunités pour densifier les villes, mais rarement pour favoriser la biodiversité ou pour le rapprochement des habitants à la nature. Cette étude ouvre des perspectives sur la place et la temporalité des espaces informels et éphémères comme les friches dans l’aménagement durable des territoires.Urban wastelands, transient spaces colonized by spontaneous vegetation, can host biodiversity in urban areas and informal uses that can be intense and diversified. Our study aims to understand if urban wastelands’ ecological value is recognized through the study of different documents framing urban planning and environmental policies (legal, framing and strategic planning documents). The results of our study, carried out in the cities of Tours and Blois (Centre Val-de-Loire region), show that in public policies documents, wastelands represent opportunities to densify the cities, but rarely to promote biodiversity or to enhance citizens’ contact with nature. This study opens perspectives on the place and the temporality of informal and ephemeral spaces like wastelands in cities’ sustainable development

Campylobacter fetus Bacteremia Revealed by Cellulitis without Gastrointestinal Symptoms in the Context of Acquired Hypogammaglobulinemia: A Report of Three Cases

Campylobacter fetus bacteremia is rare and occurs mainly in patients with immunosuppression. This infection, which often involves secondary localizations has already been reported in some primary humoral immune deficiencies. We describe three cases of severe infection due to C. fetus with cellulitis at presentation, but without any gastrointestinal symptoms, occurring in patients with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia

Decompression sickness in urban divers in France

Background: Decompression sickness (DCS) can occur in SCUBA divers. DCS is treated with oxygen, preferably given under hyperbaric conditions. Although Paris (France) is located at a distance from the sea or lakes, some injured divers require hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT) in this city, sometimes within a specific time frame. Thus, this study investigated the epidemiology and outcomes of such urban divers. Aim: We conducted an observational study of SCUBA divers admitted to the Raymond Poincaré Hyperbaric centre near Paris from 1993 to 2003. Materials and methods: We prospectively enrolled 69 consecutive SCUBA divers presenting DCS. Common risk factors were reported, especially aeroplane flight and training dives. Symptoms are very often atypical (63%) and onset time of symptoms is often too long (59% after 2 h) due to denial of symptoms. First aid is generally inadequate, with only 23% of victims receiving oxygen, fluid loading and aspirin together. HBOT was given for 42 (61%) patients although their examination results were considered as normal. Conclusions: Diving pits and diving travel agencies should do more to warn divers of the need for treatment with normobaric oxygen and hydration pending HBOT. Moreover, hyperbaric physicians should better clarify HBOT indications for both symptoms of late onset and atypical presentations

Les services de support de diversité floristique rendus par les délaissés urbains

Afin de préciser l’ambivalence, par rapport aux services écosystémiques, des délaissés urbains, réservoirs d’espèces indigènes mais aussi exotiques et envahissantes, nous avons étudié la flore des délaissés urbains de deux agglomérations de taille moyenne. Nos résultats montrent que ces espaces accueillent une grande diversité végétale, ordinaire et patrimoniale. La fréquence globale des espèces envahissantes est comparable à celle rapportée par des études effectuées sur les délaissés de métropoles, alors que leur fréquence locale, au sein des délaissés, est beaucoup plus faible. Nous discutons de ces résultats en relation avec les différences de taille d’agglomération et d’origine des délaissés.In order to clarify the ambivalence, with regard to ecosystem’ services, of urban wastelands, reservoirs of both native biodiversity and alien and invasive species, we studied plant diversity of urban wastelands in two medium-sized cities in France. Our results show that urban wastelands host a great species’ diversity, both common and rare or patrimonial. The overall rate of invasive species is similar to the one observed in large cities’ wastelands, while their local rate, within wastelands, is much lower. We discuss of these results with regard to differences in cities’ size and wastelands’ starting point

Usages et représentations des délaissés urbains, supports de services écosystémiques culturels en ville

Offrant des espaces de nature de proximité et de végétation spontanée en ville, les délaissés urbains peuvent assurer des services culturels. Notre étude des usages informels et des représentations des délaissés par les habitants résidant à proximité montre que les représentations des habitants sont complexes et fortement liées aux usages effectués dans ces espaces et aux stades de succession de la végétation. Ceci démontre le besoin de trouver un équilibre entre nature sauvage et nature maitrisée dans ces espaces urbains temporaires. Des actions de valorisation écologique permettraient de reconnaître le rôle des délaissés urbains comme supports de services écosystémiques culturels.Providing areas for nearby nature and spontaneous vegetation, urban wastelands can offer cultural ecosystem services in cities. Our study of wastelands’ perceptions and informal uses by residents shows that such temporary urban ecosystems can be perceived as abandoned land, recreative or free green spaces: these perceptions are strongly related to wastelands’ uses and to the successive stages of vegetation. This demonstrates the necessity to find a balance between wild and managed nature in cities. Local measures could allow recognizing the role of wastelands as support of cultural ecosystem services in order to promote citizens’ contact with nature

In vivo phenotypic and molecular characterization of retinal degeneration in mouse models of three ciliopathies

International audienceCilia are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed organelles. Ciliary defects of genetic origins lead to ci-liopathies, in which retinal degeneration (RD) is one cardinal clinical feature. In order to efficiently find and design new therapeutic strategies the underlying mechanism of retinal degeneration of three murine model was compared. The rodent models correspond to three emblematic ciliopathies, namely: Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS), Alström Syndrome (ALMS) and CEP290-mediated Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA). Scotopic rodent electroretinography (ERG) was used to test the retinal function of mice, Transmitted Electron microscopy (T.E.M) was performed to assess retinal structural defects and real-time PCR for targeted genes was used to monitor the expression levels of the major apoptotic Caspase-related pathways in retinal extracts to identify pathological pathways driving the RD in order to identify potential therapeutic targets. We found that BBS and CEP290-mediated LCA mouse models exhibit perinatal retinal degeneration associated with rhodopsin mis-localization in the photoreceptor and the induction of an Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress. On the other hand, the tested ALMS mouse model, displayed a slower degeneration phenotype, with no Rhodopsin mislocalization nor ER-stress activity. Our data points out that behind the general phenotype of vision loss associated with these ciliopathies, the mechanisms and kinetics of disease progression are different

A regional trauma system to optimize the pre-hospital triage of trauma patients.

INTRODUCTION: Pre-hospital triage is a key element in a trauma system that aims to admit patients to the most suitable trauma center, and may decrease intra-hospital mortality. We evaluated the performance of a pre-hospital procedure in a regional trauma system through measurements of the quality of pre-hospital medical assessment and the efficacy of a triage protocol. METHODS: Our regional trauma system included 13 hospitals categorized as Level I, II or III trauma centers according to their technical facilities. Each patient was graded A, B or C by an emergency physician, according to the seriousness of their injuries at presentation on scene. The triage was performed according to this grading and the categorization of centers. This study is a registry analysis of a three-year period (2009 to 2011). RESULTS: Of the 3,428 studied patients, 2,572 were graded using the pre-hospital grading system (Graded group). The pre-hospital gradation was closely related with injury severity score (ISS) and intra-hospital mortality rate. The triage protocol had a sensitivity of 92% (95% confidence interval (CI) 90% to 93%) and a specificity of 41% (95% CI 39% to 44%) to predict adequate admission of patients with ISS more than 15. A total of 856 patients were not graded at the scene (Non-graded group). Undertriage rate was significantly reduced in the Graded group compared with the Non-graded group, with a relative risk of 0.47 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.56) according to the definition of the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma (P <0.001). Where adjusted for trauma severity, the expected mortality rate at discharge from hospital was higher than observed mortality, with a difference of +2.0% (95% CI 1.4 to 2.6%; P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of a regional trauma system with a pre-hospital triage procedure was effective in detecting severe trauma patients and in lowering the rate of pre-hospital undertriage. A beneficial effect on outcome of such an organization is suggested

Impact of model physics on estimating the surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet

Long-term predictions of sea level rise from increased Greenland ice sheet melting have been derived using Positive Degree Day models only. It is, however, unknown precisely what uncertainties are associated with applying this simple surface melt parameterization for future climate. We compare the behavior of a Positive Degree Day and Energy Balance/ Snowpack model for estimating the surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet under a warming climate. Both models were first tuned to give similar values for present-day mass balance using 10 years of ERA-40 climatology and were then run for 300 years, forced with the output of a GCM in which atmospheric CO2 increased to 4 times preindustrial levels. Results indicate that the Positive Degree Day model is more sensitive to climate warming than the Energy Balance model, generating annual runoff rates almost twice as large for a fixed ice sheet geometry. Roughly half of this difference was due to differences in the volume of melt generated and half was due to differences in refreezing rates in the snowpack. Our results indicate that the modeled snowpack properties evolve on a multidecadal timescale to changing climate, with a potentially large impact on the mass balance of the ice sheet; an evolution that was absent from the Positive Degree Day model. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union