О сущности языковой компетенции

В статье даётся характеристика сущностных сторон языковой компетенции как био и социального и интеллектуального феномена.У статті подається характеристика сутнісних сторін мовної компетенції як біо та соціального та інтелектуального феномену.The characteristics of essential aspects of language competency as bio- and social and intellectual phenomenon is given in the article

Genome-wide meta-analysis reveals common splice site acceptor variant in CHRNA4 associated with nicotine dependence

We conducted a 1000 Genomes-imputed genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis for nicotine dependence, defined by the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence in 17 074 ever smokers from five European-ancestry samples. We followed up novel variants in 7469 ever smokers from five independent European-ancestry samples. We identified genome-wide significant association in the alpha-4 nicotinic receptor subunit (CHRNA4) gene on chromosome 20q13: lowest P = 8.0 x 10(-9) across all the samples for rs2273500-C (frequency = 0.15; odds ratio = 1.12 and 95% confidence interval = 1.08-1.17 for severe vs mild dependence). rs2273500-C, a splice site acceptor variant resulting in an alternate CHRNA4 transcript predicted to be targeted for nonsense-mediated decay, was associated with decreased CHRNA4 expression in physiologically normal human brains (lowest P = 7.3 x 10(-4)). Importantly, rs2273500-C was associated with increased lung cancer risk (N = 28 998, odds ratio = 1.06 and 95% confidence interval = 1.00-1.12), likely through its effect on smoking, as rs2273500-C was no longer associated with lung cancer after adjustment for smoking. Using criteria for smoking behavior that encompass more than the single 'cigarettes per day' item, we identified a common CHRNA4 variant with important regulatory properties that contributes to nicotine dependence and smoking-related consequences.Peer reviewe

Manufacturing Energy and Carbon Footprints

Significant opportunities exist for improving energy efficiency in U.S. manufacturing. A first step in realizing these opportunities is to identify how industry is using energy. Where does it come from? What form is it in? Where is it used? How much is lost? Answering these questions is the focus of this paper and the analysis described herein. Manufacturing energy and carbon footprints map energy consumption and losses, as well as greenhouse gas emissions, for the fifteen most energy intensive manufacturing sectors, and for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector. Analysts and decision-makers utilize the footprints to better understand the distribution of energy use in energy-intensive industries and the accompanying energy losses. The footprints provide a benchmark from which to calculate the benefits of improving energy efficiency and for prioritizing opportunity analysis. A breakdown of energy consumption by energy type and end use allows for comparison both within and across sectors

U.S. Manufacturing Energy Use and Loss: The Big Picture

A first step in realizing industrial energy efficiency opportunities is to understand how industry is using, and losing, energy. The U.S. Manufacturing Energy and Carbon Footprints provide a reliable macro-scale reference for manufacturing energy use benchmarking. The footprint analysis incorporates published energy use and loss data with layers of peer review to develop a macroscopic view, the big picture, of energy use in U.S. manufacturing

Manufacturing Energy Bandwidth Studies: Chemical, Peroleum Refining, Pulp and Paer, and Iron and Steel Sectors

Energy efficiency underlies American manufacturing competitiveness. Improvements in efficiency yield energy cost savings on site, and can have positive spin-off effects through the supply chain. An evaluation of the technical potential within an industrial subsector requires an understanding of the current average (baseline) energy utilization, the current improvement potential if state-of-the-art technologies are deployed, and future energy savings expected if next generation technologies potentials are realized. These bandwidths between baseline and improved energy efficiency potentials provide a consistent methodology to evaluate, aggregate and communicate energy savings potentials within industry. In this paper, we review bandwidth studies of four of the most energy intensive manufacturing sectors in the United States. The Chemical, Petroleum Refining, Iron and Steel, and Pulp and Paper Energy Bandwidth Studies serve as generalized guides for energy technology advancement opportunities. These studies identify energy intensity and consumption for key manufacturing processes and the sector as a whole. Potential energy savings opportunities are identified by quantifying four measures of energy consumption for each process area: current average (year 2010), state of the art, practical minimum, and thermodynamic minimum. These measures enable prediction of current savings opportunities and future savings opportunities, with supporting detail on opportunity areas. The resulting reports provide useful guides for determining which manufacturing sectors and processes are the most energy-intensive and offer the greatest energy savings opportunities from technology advances