705 research outputs found
Glacitectonic Deformation in Sediment and Bedrock, Hat Creek, British Columbia
A variety of deformation structures attributed to glacial overriding occur in rock and sediment of an intermontane valley at Hat Creek, British Columbia. Sediments exposed in vertical outcrops along Hat Creek, display contrasting styles of deformation involving fluidization, as well as brittle and ductile deformations that appear to have been formed concurrently. Typical structures include: joints, faults, infillings, and clastic dikes comprising; fluid-escape structures, glacigenic injections, as well as fluidal and viscous hydraulic expulsions. A model is presented for the glacitectonic formation of hydraulic expulsions during compression of underlying partially saturated unfrozen sediments. Bedrock exposed in excavations at higher elevations displays joints, faults and wedge fillings possibly associated with subglacial freezing during glacial advance. Orientation of the structures are correlative with directions of glacier flow as inferred from fabric, striae and geomorphology. The structures are believed to have been the product of several interrelated factors, including: glacial dynamics, engineering properties of the glacier bed material, subglacial relief, and the variation between coalescing glaciers. Correlation with directions of glacial movement, association with glacial faciĂšs and infilling by glacial sediments, are conditions considered to be glacigenic signatures useful in differentiation of glacial from nonglacial (e.g. earthquake) origins for similar structures elsewhere.Certaines variĂ©tĂ©s de structures de dĂ©formation attribuĂ©es au chevauchement glaciaire se manifestent dans la roche en place et les sĂ©diments d'une vallĂ©e intramontagnarde au Hat Creek, en Colombie-Britannique. Les sĂ©diments mis Ă nu dans des affleurements verticaux le long du Hat Creek montrent des dĂ©formations aux styles contrastĂ©s qui semblent avoir Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă©es concurremment. Les structures caractĂ©ristiques comprennent des fissures, des failles, des remplissages et des filons Ă©lastiques incluant des structures Ă Ă©chappement fluidal, des injections glacigĂ©niques ainsi que des Ă©jections hydrauliques fluides et visqueuses. On prĂ©sente un modĂšle de la formation glacitectonique d'Ă©jections hydrauliques durant la compression des sĂ©diments sous-terrains non gelĂ©s partiellement saturĂ©s. La roche en place mise Ă nu dans des excavations Ă des niveaux supĂ©rieurs montre des fissures, des failles et des remplissages de fentes probablement associĂ©s au gel sous-glaciaire pendant l'avancĂ©e glaciaire. L'orientation des structures correspond aux directions de l'Ă©coulement glaciaire dĂ©terminĂ©es Ă partir de la fabrique, des stries et de la gĂ©omorphologie. On croit que ces structures sont le rĂ©sultat de plusieurs facteurs interreliĂ©s dont la dynamique glaciaire, les propriĂ©tĂ©s mĂ©caniques des matĂ©riaux du lit glaciaire, le relief sous-glaciaire et la variation entre glaciers coalescents. La corrĂ©lation avec les directions du mouvement glaciaire, l'association avec les faciĂšs glaciaires et le remplissage par des sĂ©diments glaciaires sont des phĂ©nomĂšnes que l'on considĂšre comme Ă©tant des signes de glacigĂ©nie qui peuvent servir Ă diffĂ©rencier l'origine glaciaire de l'origine non glaciaire (ex : tremblements de terre) de structures semblables trouvĂ©es ailleurs.Eine Vielfalt von Verformungs-Strukturen, die auf glaziales Uberfahren zurĂčckgefĂčhrt werden, findet man in FeIs und Sediment eines intermontanen TaIs bei Hat Creek, British Columbia. Die in vertikalen Aufschlussen langs Hat Creek ausgesetzten Sedimente zeigen kontrastierende Vertormungsstile, die Vertlussigung wie auch bruchige und geschmeidige Verformungen einschliessen, die gleichzeitig gebildet zu sein scheinen. Zu den typischen Strukturen gehĂŽren: Spalten. Bruche, Ausfullungen und TrĂčmmer-QuergĂąnge einschliesslich Strukturen flĂčssigen Entweichens, glazigenen Injektionen wie auch flĂčssigen wie zĂąhflussigen hydraulischen AuswĂčrfen. Ein Modell der glazialtektonischen Bildung hydraulischer AuswĂčrfe wĂ hrend der Verdichtung der darunterliegenden, teilweise saturierten, nichtgefrorenen Sedimente wird prĂ sentiert. Das teste Gestein, das in hĂŽheren AushĂčben freigelegt wurde, zeigt Spalten, Bruche und SpaltenfĂčllungen, die wahrscheinlich mit subglazialem Frost wĂ hrend des glazialen Vorstosses zusammenhĂ ngen. Die Orientierung der Strukturen korreliert mit den Richtungen des glazialen Fliessens. Das lĂ sst sien aus Textur, Striemen und GĂ©omorphologie schliessen. Man halt die Strukturen fur das Ergebnis mehrerer untereinander verbundener Faktoren. Dazu gehĂŽren die glaziale Dynamik, die mechanischen Eigenschaften des glazialen Bettmaterials, das subglaziale Relief und die Schwankungen zwischen zusammenverwachsenen Gletschem. Die Korrelation mit Richtungen der glazialen Bewegung, die Verbindung mit glazialen Fazies und AuffĂčllungen durch glaziale Sedimente sind Bedingungen, die als glazigene Signatur angesehen werden bei der Unterscheidung zwischen glazialen und nichtglazialen (z.B. Erdbeben) UrsprĂčngen vergleichbarer Strukturen anderswo
EMOTIONAL ENHANCEMENT AND REPETITION EFFECTS DURING WORKING MEMORY IN PERSONS WITH MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT
This dissertation introduces a framework for understanding differences in how emotional enhancement effects might influence memory in aging adults and then summarizes the findings of three studies of how repetition effects and emotional enhancement effects influence working memory in older adults without cognitive impairment (NC), older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and older adults with mild Alzheimerâs disease (AD). In these experiments, individuals with AD showed cognitive impairment in terms of accuracy and reaction time, but individuals with MCI showed milder behavioral impairment that was confined to manipulations of working memory. Individuals with AD showed relative sparing of repetition effects in behavioral performance, and this sparing was linked to an altered cortical repetition effect using event-related potentials (ERPs). Repetition effects in MCI appear absent in emotional tasks that lack a working memory component, but are present in a neural repetition mechanism that is evoked in the presence of working memory. Finally, persons with MCI showed working memory processing similar to persons without impairment when working with stimuli of low arousal and positive hedonic valence, but when working with stimuli of high arousal and negative hedonic valence, their working memory processing more resembled the AD phenotype
Relict seawater as a source of stratiïŹed groundwater in glaciated estuarine valleys: an example from Fredericton Junction, New Brunswick
Recent investigations of the local geology and hydrogeological environment for the Village of Fredericton Junction, New Brunswick, identiïŹed a lower bedrock aquifer as the main water supply aquifer for both municipal and domestic wells. Within the aquifer, potable water overlies brackish water that increases in salinity at depth. The aquifer is overlain mostly by ïŹne-grained glacial sediments that limit recharge to the lower bedrock aquifer. Recharge to the bedrock aquifer primarily occurs at outcrops along local rivers and from deeper regional groundwater systems. While nearby rivers receive run-off from local roads and municipal areas, geochemistry of the brackish water does not support this water as a source of the saline contamination. Examination of drill records from groundwater exploration within the Carboniferous sedimentary bedrock of New Brunswick indicates that groundwater is commonly stratiïŹed, forming a surface zone of fresh water overlying a zone of saline water at depth. While saline intrusion of aquifers is known to be a hazard for coastal communities from disturbance to the freshwater/saltwater interface, drilling records indicate that glaciated estuarine valleys may be especially at risk to salinization exacerbated by unrestricted exploitation. Drilling data demonstrate that saline water is most frequently encountered along valleys that were estuaries during the Late Wisconsinan glaciation, approximately 14 000â 12 000 years ago. During that time, many inland valleys were open to the ocean and surrounded by masses of melting ice. It is proposed that saline water from that time has remained preferentially in pockets within the bedrock underlying these valleys.
RĂSUMĂ
De rĂ©centes Ă©tudes de la gĂ©ologie rĂ©gionale et du milieu hydrogĂ©ologique du village de Fredericton Junction, au Nouveau-Brunswick, ont permis de repĂ©rer une formation aquifĂšre du substratum rocheux infĂ©rieur, qui est la principale source d'eau du rĂ©seau d'aqueduc municipal et des puits rĂ©sidentiels environnants. Dans cette formation aquifĂšre, l'eau potable est sus-jacente Ă l'eau saumĂątre, laquelle gagne en salinitĂ© en profondeur. La formation aquifĂšre est recouverte essentiellement par des sĂ©diments glaciaires Ă grain ïŹn qui limite la recharge Ă la formation aquifĂšre du substratum rocheux infĂ©rieur. La recharge de la formation aquifĂšre du substratum rocheux survient principalement par des afïŹeurements rocheux observĂ©s en bordure des cours d'eau de la rĂ©gion et de rĂ©seaux hydriques souterrains rĂ©gionaux plus profonds. Les riviĂšres environnantes reçoivent les eaux de ruissellement des chemins et des approches de la municipalitĂ©, mais les propriĂ©tĂ©s gĂ©ochimiques de l'eau saumĂątre ne permettent pas de dĂ©signer cette eau comme la source de la contamination saline. L'examen des travaux de forage d'exploration d'eau souterraine dans le substratum rocheux du CarbonifĂšre du Nouveau-Brunswick, indique que l'eau souterraine se prĂ©sente souvent sous forme de nappes et forme un horizon d'eau douce qui se superpose Ă une zone d'eau salĂ©e situĂ©e en profondeur. L'inïŹltration de l'eau salĂ©e dans une formation aquifĂšre est certes un danger pour les collectivitĂ©s habitant une zone cĂŽtiĂšre, eu Ă©gard Ă la perturbation causĂ©e par le mĂ©lange de l'eau douce et de l'eau salĂ©e, mais les donnĂ©es de forage indiquent que les vallĂ©es glaciaires estuariennes peuvent ĂȘtre particuliĂšrement exposĂ©es Ă une contamination par l'eau salĂ©e, une situation que peut aggraver une exploitation non balisĂ©e des ressources en eau. Les donnĂ©es de forage indiquent par ailleurs que la prĂ©sence de l'eau salĂ©e est surtout observĂ©e en bordure de vallĂ©es qui formaient des estuaires Ă l'Ă©poque de la glaciation du Wisconsin supĂ©rieur, il y a environ entre 14 000 et 12 000 ans. Au cours de cette pĂ©riode, un grand nombre de vallĂ©es Ă l'intĂ©rieur des terres donnaient sur l'ocĂ©an et Ă©taient entourĂ©es de masses de glace fondante. Il est suggĂ©rĂ© que l'eau salĂ©e datant de cette Ă©poque a Ă©tĂ© conïŹnĂ©e selon toute vraisemblance dans des poches du substratum rocheux sous-jacent de ces vallĂ©es.
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Polyphase Glacigenic Deformation of Advance Glaciofluvial Sediments, Near Big Creek, British Colombia
Deformation structures were observed in glaciofluvial sediments near Big Creek, central British Columbia. These sediments record a sequence of polyphase deformation resulting from the advance and retreat of the Late Wisconsinan (Fraser Glaciation) Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Deformation is attributed to ductile then brittle failure resulting from: (a) horizontal compression and loading as ice advanced over saturated sediments; followed by (b) lateral extension then (c) compression under frozen conditions during glacier overriding; and finally (d) vertical extension during unloading upon dĂ©glaciation. Most deformation (a-c, above) appears to have occurred during the advance phase of the Fraser Glaciation.Des structures de dĂ©formation ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©es dans des sĂ©diments fluvioglaciaires, prĂšs de Big Creek. Ces sĂ©diments comprennent la sĂ©quence d'une dĂ©formation polyphasĂ©e rĂ©sultant de l'avancĂ©e et du retrait de l'Inlandsis de la CordillĂšre (Glaciation de Fraser) au Wisconsinien supĂ©rieur. La dĂ©formation est attribuĂ©e Ă des fractures d'abord de type ductile, puis cassant rĂ©sultant : (a) d'une compression et d'une charge horizontales Ă mesure que la glace avançait sur les sĂ©diments saturĂ©s; suivie (b) d'une extension latĂ©rale, puis (c) d'une compression en milieu gelĂ© pendant la phase de chevauchement glaciaire; et enfin (d) d'une extension verticale pendant la dĂ©charge au moment de la dĂ©glaciation. La plus grande partie de la dĂ©formation (a-c) s'est produite au cours de la phase d'avancĂ©e de la Glaciation de Fraser.Nahe bei Big Creek im Zentrum von British Columbia hat man Verformungsstrukturen in fluvioglazialen Sedimenten beobachtet. Diese Sedimente belegen eine Sequenz mehrphasiger Verformung, welche durch den VorstoB und RĂčckzug der Kordilleren-Eisdecke im spaten Wisconsin (Fraser-Vereisung) verursacht wurde. Die Verformung fuhrt man auf zunĂ chst geschmeidiges, dann sprodes Nachgeben zuruck, veranlaRt durch: (a) horizontale Verdichtung und AnhĂąufung wĂ hrend das Eis uber die saturierten Sedimente vordrang, darauf folgend (b) eine latĂ©rale Ausdehnung und dann (c) Verdichtung in vereistem Milieu wĂ hrend der GletscherĂ»berschiebung, und schlie&lich (d) vertikale Ausdehnung wĂ hrend der durch die Enteisung bewirkten Stromungen. Der grĂŽRte TeN der Verformung (siehe a-c oben) scheint wĂ hrend der VorstoRphase der Fraser-Vereisung geschehen zu sein
Geological and site specific factors influencing earthquake hazard assessment for New Brunswick, Canada
Seismic hazard studies by Earthquakes Canada place most of New Brunswick in the moderate part of the hazard range. Limitations are identified with the documented earthquake database suggesting that revisions are necessary for location and magnitude of some of the known historical earthquakes. In addition, the disturbance from a given event magnitude can be modified by local geological conditions and site specific factors. This is particularly true for New Brunswick, where many of the communities were settled along river valleys and coastal areas, which are under-lain by thick deposits of glacial and alluvial sediments that can amplify ground motion. The historical documentation and paleoseismic studies that identify seismic-generated disturbances are reviewed in this paper. Ground motion from both moderate (4 MN) local and large (> 5 MN) regional earthquakes represents a hazard at some locations and particularly those sites adjacent to steep slopes or sites underlain by thick surficial deposits. Amplification of ground motion would be expected at sites overlying low shear wave velocity zones typical of alluvial sediments. This may explain the larger shaking eïŹects experienced in the downtown area of Fredericton from distant earthquakes. Alteration of springs, rivers and groundwater supplies has happened as a result of earthquakes, although few eïŹects remain permanent. Reports of earthquake-generated tsunamis and lake seiches are rare for New Brunswick. Earthquake-induced rock falls occurred along some rock slopes during moderate earthquakes in 1855 and 1937, and a landslide occurred in marine sediments possibly triggered by a minor unrecorded local tremor in 1977. This study identifies the need for future paleoseismic research and microzonation studies for the major communities within the province.
RĂSUMĂ
Des Ă©tudes de lâalĂ©a sismique rĂ©alisĂ©es par SĂ©ismes Canada situent la majeure partie du NouveauâBrunswick au niveau moyen de lâĂ©chelle de lâalĂ©a. La base de donnĂ©es sismologiques documentĂ©es fait part de restrictions laissant supposer la nĂ©cessitĂ© de rĂ©visions de lâemplacement et de la magnitude de certains des tremblements de terre passĂ©s connus. De plus, les secousses dues Ă la magnitude dâun sĂ©isme donnĂ© peuvent ĂȘtre modifiĂ©es par les conditions gĂ©ologiques locales et par des facteurs propres Ă lâemplacement. Câest particuliĂšrement le cas au NouveauâBrunswick oĂč de nombreuses localitĂ©s se sont implantĂ©es le long de vallĂ©es fluviales et de secteurs cĂŽtiers qui reposent sur des dĂ©pĂŽts Ă©pais de sĂ©diments glaciaires et alluvionnaires pouvant amplifier les mouvements du sol. Cet article passe en revue la documentation historique et les Ă©tudes palĂ©osismiques qui dĂ©finissent les secousses sismiques. Les mouvements du sol que produisent les tremblements de terre rĂ©gionaux importants (> 5 MN) et locaux moyens (4 MN) reprĂ©sentent un alĂ©a en certains endroits, particuliĂšrement Ă proximitĂ© des pentes abruptes ou des secteurs reposant sur des dĂ©pĂŽts superficiels Ă©pais. Une amplification des mouvements du sol peut ĂȘtre anticipĂ©e dans les secteurs recouvrant des zones de faible vitesse dâondes transversales typiques des sĂ©diments alluvionnaires. Une telle situation pourrait expliquer les secousses plus marquĂ©es vĂ©cues dans le centreâville de Fredericton par suite de tremblements de terre Ă©loignĂ©s. Certains sĂ©ismes ont modifiĂ© des ruisseaux, des riviĂšres et des rĂ©serves dâeaux souterraines, mais de tels eïŹets sont rarement permanents. Il est rare quâon signale des tsunamis et des seiches sur des lacs dus Ă des tremblements de terre au NouveauâBrunswick. Des Ă©boulements provoquĂ©s par des sĂ©ismes sont survenus le long de certaines pentes rocheuses au cours de tremblements de terre moyens en 1855 et en 1937, et un glissement de terrain possiblement dĂ©clenchĂ© par une faible secousse sismique locale non enregistrĂ©e en 1977 sâest produit dans des sĂ©diments marins. LâĂ©tude dĂ©montre la nĂ©cessitĂ© dâĂ©tudes de microzonation et de recherches palĂ©osismiques futures visant les principales localitĂ©s de la province.
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Lithological and geochemical dispersal in till: McAdam area, New Brunswick
Analyses of dispersal patterns for till clasts and matrix geochemistry in the McAdam area, southwestern New Brunswick, are used to define the dominant glacial transport direction in an area of ice-flow complexity, as indicated by multiple and differing striae directions. Dispersal and erosional data indicate that the main (regional) southeastward flow direction was preceded and followed by secondary deviations, due to local influences of topography and substrate and possibly also from changes within the ice mass or surrounding glaciers. Clast trains are traceable from known outcrops, southward over distances greater than 16 km, whereas distinctive geochemical trains are lost within 10 km of transport, due to homogenization of the till matrix. These results demonstrate that for drift prospecting, transport path and source unit are more clearly delineated by shape and size of till clasts and matrix dispersal patterns, than by analysis of directional indicators caused by glacial erosion.
RÉSUMÉ
On a recours à des analyses des modes de dispersion des clastes du till et de la géochimie de la matrice dans le secteur de McAdam, dans le sud-est du Nouveau-Brunswick, pour défiinir la direction du transport glaciaire dominant à lâintérieur d'un secteur caractérisé par la complexity de l'écoulemcnt glaciaire, comme en témoignent les directions multiples et différentes des rayures. Les données relatives à la dispersion et à l'érosion révèlant que la principale direction (régionale) de l'écoulcment, l'écoulement vers le sud-est, a été précédée et suivie de déviations secondares en raison des influences locales de la topographie et du substrat, ainsi que possiblement de changements survenus à l'intérieur de l'amas de glaces ou des glaciers environnants. On peut retracer les parcours des clastes à partir d'affleurements connus sur des distances de plus de 16 km vers le sud, alors qu'on pcrd des tracées géochimiques distinctifs à moins de 10 km de transport à cause de l'homogénéisation de la matrice du till. Ces résultats démontrent qu'en matère de prospection glacio-sédimentaire, on délimite plus nettement le trajet du transport et l'unité d'origine par la forme et la dimension des clastes du till et par les modes de dispersion de la matrice que par l'analyse des indicateurs de direction laissés par l'érosion glaciaire.
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Study of the Reliability of Statistical Timing Analysis for Real-Time Systems
Presented at 23rd International Conference on Real-Time Networks and Systems (RTNS 2015). 4 to 6, Nov, 2015, Main Track. Lille, France.Probabilistic and statistical temporal analyses have been developedas a means of determining the worst-case
execution and responsetimes of real-time software for decades. A number of such methodshave been proposed in
the literature, of which the majority claim tobe able to provide worst-case timing scenarios with respect to agiven
likelihood of a certain value being exceeded. Further, suchclaims are based on either some estimates associated
with a probability,or probability distributions with a certain level of confidence.However, the validity of the claims
are very much dependent on anumber of factors, such as the achieved samples and the adopteddistributions for
analysis.In this paper, we investigate whether the claims made are in facttrue as well as the establishing an
understanding of the factors thataffect the validity of these claims. The results are of importancefor two reasons:
to allow researchers to examine whether there areimportant issues that mean their techniques need to be refined;
andso that practitioners, including industrialists who are currently usingcommercial timing analysis tools based on
these types of techniques,understand how the techniques should be used to ensure theresults are fit for their
purposes
Glacial Stratigraphy of the Bulkley River Region: A Depositional Framework for the Late Pleistocene in Central British Columbia
A depositional framework for late Pleistocene sediments in central British Columbia was developed from the composite stratigraphy of glacial sediments found in the Bulkley River region. Nonglacial deposits correlated to the Olympia Nonglacial Interval, are overlain in succession by sub-till, ice-advance sediments, Late Wisconsinan (Fraser Glaciation) till, and late-glacial sediments. Due to local erosion and depositional variability, some of the units are not continuous throughout the region and differ locally in their thickness and complexity. At the onset of the Fraser Glaciation, ice advance was marked by rising base levels in rivers, lake ponding, and ice marginal subaqueous deposition. Physiography and glacier dynamics influenced the position of drainage outlets, direction of water flow, and ponding. The region was completely ice covered during this glaciation and ice-flow directions were variable, being dominantly influenced by the migrating position of ice divides. Deglaciation was marked by the widespread deposition of fine-grained sediments in proglacial lakes and glaciofluvial sands and gravels at locations with unrestricted drainage.Un scĂ©nario de sĂ©dimentation datant du PlĂ©istocĂšne tardif est Ă©laborĂ© Ă partir de la stratigraphie glaciaire observĂ©e dans la rĂ©gion de la riviĂšre Bulkley. Les dĂ©pĂŽts non-glaciaires attribuĂ©s Ă lâinterstade dâOlympia sont surmontĂ©s dâun till dâune avancĂ©e glaciaire, dâun till datant du Wisconsinien supĂ©rieur (glaciation du Fraser) et de sĂ©diments tardiglaciaires. Plusieurs unitĂ©s ne sont pas continues dans la rĂ©gion et diffĂšrent par leur Ă©paisseur et leur complexitĂ©, en raison de lâĂ©rosion locale et des taux de sĂ©dimentation variables. Au dĂ©but de la glaciation du Fraser, lâavancĂ©e des glaces fut accompagnĂ©e dâune augmentation du niveau de base des riviĂšres, la crĂ©ation dâĂ©tangs et dâune sĂ©dimentation prĂšs des marges glaciaires. La physiographie et la dynamique glaciaire influence lâemplacement des exutoires de drainage, la direction de lâĂ©coulement des eaux et la crĂ©ation des bassins. La rĂ©gion fut alors entiĂšrement couverte de glace et les directions dâĂ©coulement glaciaire, trĂšs variables, furent fortement contrĂŽlĂ©es par la migration des lignes de partage glaciaires. La dĂ©glaciation se caractĂ©rise par la sĂ©dimentation de sĂ©diments fins dans les lacs proglaciaires, et des sables et des graviers fluvioglaciaires dans les zones de drainage libres
Functional Requirements-Based Automated Testing for Avionics
We propose and demonstrate a method for the reduction of testing effort in
safety-critical software development using DO-178 guidance. We achieve this
through the application of Bounded Model Checking (BMC) to formal low-level
requirements, in order to generate tests automatically that are good enough to
replace existing labor-intensive test writing procedures while maintaining
independence from implementation artefacts. Given that existing manual
processes are often empirical and subjective, we begin by formally defining a
metric, which extends recognized best practice from code coverage analysis
strategies to generate tests that adequately cover the requirements. We then
formulate the automated test generation procedure and apply its prototype in
case studies with industrial partners. In review, the method developed here is
demonstrated to significantly reduce the human effort for the qualification of
software products under DO-178 guidance
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