Coastal changes in historic times – linking offshore bathymetry changes and cliff recession in Suffolk

Executive summary: The coastline of Suffolk, UK has the fastest rate of contemporary recession in the UK, reaching 5 m a-1 locally. Along this coastline historical recession has continued for as long as there is archival data (old maps, Admiralty Charts, anecdotes, diaries, parish records, OS maps, aerial photographs, elevation/bathymetric surveying). There has been much interest focussed on Dunwich (the site of lost churches and historic buildings – once a thriving port) while other cliffs appear to have attracted fewer detailed studies. However, this whole coastal region has undergone considerable morphological change involving both the coastline position as well as the associated nearshore bathymetry. The cliffs between Benacre Ness and Southwold, 7-15 km to the north of Dunwich, are currently characterised by the fastest recorded recession rates in the UK. This study reports the results of a detailed historical investigation of coastline retreat for both Dunwich-Minsmere and Benacre-Southwold. The cliffs of Benacre-Southwold have elevations of between 10 and 15 m above sea level, and stretch for several kilometers alongshore. The geology comprises soft, sandy sediments of the pre-glacial Norwich Crag Formation. Hence recession in these cliffs is particularly important for sediment release into the southern North Sea. Since sources of sediment are highly dynamic, shifting as the foci of cliff retreat changes, continual reassessment of cliff retreat is required and reliance should not be placed on previous studies which fall out-of-date very rapidly in such dynamic settings. In particular, cliff sediments are important for the maintenance of nearshore banks and shoreline features (eg: growth in Sizewell-Dunwich Bank system; movement of Benacre Ness), with feedbacks into continued coastal erosion through regional changes in wave heights and local currents. This study has quantified contemporary and historical retreat rates using the recentlydeveloped Digital Shoreline Analysis System (Thieler et al., 2005), an extension of ArcMap. A new methodology has been derived, combining DSAS analysis of recession rate with Surface Spot data on cliff elevation and extent (using NextMap Digital Terrain Models), to quantify contemporary volumes of sediment released. This has revealed considerable differences in the sediment sources from previously published estimates. The new methodology for rapid assessment of changing location and quantity of sediment sources from retreating cliffs has been used further to assess future sediment sources for the cliffs of Suffolk, where coastal management presents particular challenges. Finally the nearshore bathymetry has been evaluated for the present day and for the past 100 years. Links have been established between the changing bathymetric configuration of the nearshore region and the recent acceleration in cliff retreat, particularly notable in the cliffs of Covehithe and Benacre

Teaching Relational Lawyering

This article discusses how to incorporate “relationship-centered lawyering” into the law school curriculum through communication practices and how strong relational skills are helpful to lawyering and their professional lives

Implied Warranties in Ohio Home Sales

The majority of states other than Ohio have rejected the caveat emptor doctrine and adopted an implied warranty of habitability in the sale of new homes, but the irony of this situation is that it was an Ohio case, Vanderschrier v. Aaron, that first recognized implied warranties in the sale of a home. This Note will demonstrate that Ohio should adopt an implied warranty of habitability in the sale of new homes by builder-vendors

Meeting the Professional Identity Challenge in Legal Education through a Relationship-Centered Experiential Curriculum

Legal education is facing a series of crises, the worst of which may well be its graduates\u27 perceived lack of professionalism qualities such as civility, judgment, and commitment to service. This urgent message has been amplified by recent high-profile critiques emphasizing the need to teach professionalism, as well as to make law schools more nurturing and humanistic environments. The purpose of this article is to show that the challenge of preparing law students to become caring and competent professionals can be met by using a sequence of experiential learning opportunities to teach relational competencies. Even the harshest critics of legal education agree that clinical programs in law schools succeed; however, the idea of expanding such programs presents challenges. Others worry that law schools will be tempted to do clinics on the cheap. Nevertheless, if we truly are concerned about the quality of legal education, we should focus instead on understanding what exactly students learn through clinics that contributes to their development of professionalism, and, further, whether other academic experiences, such as externships or simulations, can contribute to these same goals. This article sets out a conceptual model for exploring this professional identity challenge. The first part is called the Experiential Learning Helix, a developmental approach that identifies three different roles all law students should experience toward becoming a professional: (1) simulated practice, (2) the mentee role, and (3) the first-chair role. The second part of this model is Relationship-Centered Lawyering, a normative framework focusing on three areas of competency every effective lawyer needs: (a) understanding theory about the person-in-context, (b) promoting procedural justice, and (c) appreciating interpersonal, cultural, and emotional issues. When grounded in this relational framework, the Helix holds promise for legal education\u27s sustainability into the future

Teaching Relational Lawyering

This article discusses how to incorporate “relationship-centered lawyering” into the law school curriculum through communication practices and how strong relational skills are helpful to lawyering and their professional lives

Identification of a prognostic marker in breast cancer by a lectin from helix pomatia (the roman snail)

IDENTIFICATION OF A PROGNOSTIC MARKER IN BREAST CANCER BY A LECTIN FROM HELIX POMATIA (THE ROMAN SNAIL). The aim of this study was to investigate the potential value of Helix pomatia lectin binding to tissue sections as an indicator of patient prognosis in breast cancer. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of a retrospective series of 373 primary breast cancers diagnosed at the Middlesex Hospital between January 1967 and June 1972 were stained by a simple immunoperoxidase technique for the binding of a lectin from the Roman snail. Helix pomatia. Log-rank life table analyses revealed a highly significant correlation between Helix pomatia lectin binding to primary breast cancers and the clinical course of the disease (in terms of disease free survival and total survival time) over a 15-20 year follow-up period (p<0.00001). Helix pomatia lectin binding was compared with other, established, prognostic markers for which we had data, including lymph node status, histological tumour grade, tumour size, patient age at diagnosis, and S-phase fraction (calculated by the technique of flow cytometry). Multivariate analysis was performed to assess the relationships of these variables. The distribution of Helix pomatia lectin binding substances in crude homogenates of primary breast cancer, breast cancer metastases to lymph node, liver, lung and bone, and a range of other, normal, human tissues was investigated by the technique of S.D.S.-P.A.G.E., in conjunction with Western-style lectin electroblotting. Attempts were made to isolate lectin-binding material from these sources by anion exchange chromatography and lectin affinity chromatography.The purity of isolated substances was analysed by a combination of S.D.S.-P.A.G.E. / Western blotting, and high performance liquid chromatography (H.P.L.C.)