Dog Owners’ Liability: Statutory Effects

The Triboindenter present many advantages for the measurement of friction and wear at the nanoscale. A reciprocating multi-cycle linear test can be programmed, from where it is possible to obtain simultaneously the friction force and wear rate from the lateral force and vertical displacement sensors, respectively. The friction values have high precision but the wear data is usually wrong in long duration tests because the drift rate is only measured just before the test start. Alternatively, one can program the SPM scanning mode of the instrument with a high load in order to produce the wear of the surface. At the end of the experiment, a squared hole is produced which can be measured using the SPM facility of the system. However, this wear experiment does not allow the simultaneous measurement of the friction coefficient.In this talk I will present a new methodology to measure in-situ the friction and wear of thin films using a Triboindenter TI-950 from Hysitron. I will show how the possible changes of drift rate during long-time tests can be overcome, obtaining simultaneous precise values of friction and wear rate as a function of time. I will discuss how the Triboimage® software can be adapted to this methodology in order to get realistic values of friction and wear. Finally I will show some results for soft (H < 1GPa) Pb films and very hard (H ~ 35 GPa) nitride coating

Explaining International Variance in Foreign Bribery Prosecution: A Comparative Case Study

Ion plating is essentially vapor deposition onto a substrate which is the cathode of a glow discharge. The most important characteristic of the technique is that the growing film is subjected to a flux of high energy particles (neutrals and ions). In this study we report information about the effect of ion plating parameters on grain diameter and crystallite size distribution. At a constant potential grain size remains constant with the increase of ion density. On the other hand, at a constant ion density the grain size decreases with the substrate potential increment. Ion bombardment also has an effect on the crystallite size distribution. The ion plated films show a higher degree of uniformity in grain size than vacuum evaporated films. In contrast with vacuum evaporated films, where the grain size is proportional to the thickness, no variation of grain size with film thickness has been observed for the ion‐plated films. Electron diffraction patterns have shown that the orientation remains near random over the entire J and V range studied

Race, Marriage, Markets, Choice, and Some Reflections on is Marriage for White People?

Ni thin films of 1800 Å thick were deposited by ion-plating and designed by photolithography to be used as temperature sensors. The resistive paths were finished with contact Cu welding terminals. After being coated with a protective layer of SiOx, they were subjected to heat stabilization treatments. Small, stable and accurate sensors were obtained.Se depositaron trayectos de película delgada de Ni de 1800 Á de espesor diseñados por fotolitografía para ser usados como sensores de temperatura. Los trayectos resistivos fueron provistos de contactos de Cu para soldar terminales. Después de ser recubiertos con una capa de OSi como protección, fueron sometidos a un tratamiento térmico de estabilización. Se obtuvieron sensores pequeños, estables y precisos

Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: A Needed Force in Alaska?

Truth and Reconciliation Commissions are official, temporary bodies used for communities to come to terms with past violence, promote education and awareness of historic trauma, and to provide recognition and closure for victims and successors. By bringing past issues to light, such commissions promote healing and allow these communities to move forward. Although the Commission on Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa after the Apartheid-era is best known, several similar commissions have been established throughout the globe and within the United States. This paper compares commissions from South Africa, El Salvador, South Korea, and Canada with those that have been established in the United States to examine whether such a commission would be useful in Alaska to address current social problems in the state

"Passive" Ecological Gentrification Triggered by the Covid-19 Pandemic

Urban areas can be conceptualized as large and ever-changing playgrounds in which many diverse agents (households, businesses, developers, municipalities, etc.) are active. The interactions between the playground qualities and the players’ preferences are not unidirectional. However, sometimes, external events may change the perception of the playground qualities in the player’s eyes. The recent Covid-19 pandemic and its associated precautionary measures are a clear example. During the pandemic, the value of existing urban green infrastructures has increased, as lockdowns were imposed, and distance working became widespread. The concept of “passive” ecological gentrification is developed in order to characterize this type of process. In contrast with “active” ecological gentrification, caused by purposeful intervention in the urban arena, “passive” ecological gentrification is triggered by a change of context, such as the pandemic impacts. This article focuses on the appreciation of green urban infrastructures by urbanites during the pandemic, showing that the willingness to pay to live near green and open spaces has increased in general, but with significant spatial differences. The main research questions are: (a) How does the player’s perception of the playground’s value change in times of pandemic? (b) Do these changes support the emergence of “passive” ecological gentrification? The methodology is based on the analysis of changes in property values over time as an indirect measure of a location’s appeal, looking specifically at areas near green urban infrastructures, both in the inner city and in the peripheral areas. Relatively large changes in property value over time are a possible indicator of ongoing gentrification processes: When they are observed near existing green infrastructures, and not related to redevelopment initiatives, “passive” ecological gentrification may be the result. Using detailed spatial data on land use and property prices from the Netherlands, we find evidence that supports the hypothesis of a “passive” ecological gentrification drift towards areas around urban parks and green infrastructures in general

Journal Staff

Electrical properties and strain gauge factor of Cr/SiOx cermet films with compositions 50/50 and 70/30 wt% were investigated in order to evaluate their use in strain gauge devices. The films were deposited by flash evaporation. The microstructures and resulting phases were characterized by electron diffraction and electron microscopy. The influence of the thickness and deposition rate on the sheet resistance, the temperature coefficient of resistance and the gauge factor were investigated. The results are consistent with a mixed conduction mechanism with metallic and a thermally activated tunneling components, between interconnected and discrete conductive phases, respectively.Se investigaron las propiedades eléctricas y el factor extensométrico de películas del cermet- Cr/SiOx en composiciones 50/50 y 70/30 % en peso, para evaluar su uso en dispositivos "strain gauge". Las películas fueron depositadas por evaporación "flash". Las estructuras y fases resultantes fueron caracterizadas por microscopía y difracción de electrones. Se estudió la influencia del espesor y la velocidad del depósito sobre la resistencia laminar, el coeficiente térmico de resistencia y el factor extensométrico. Los resultados son consistentes con un mecanismo de conducción mixto, con una componente metálica y otra por efecto túnel térmicamente activado, entre fases conductoras interconectadas y discretas, respectivamente

Living in historic cities:Intensification and increasing density gradients

In this paper we analyze the urban density development of Dutch cities during 2000 and 2012. The urban density trends observed in the country are in contradiction with the observations in several parts of the world: Most urban areas in the Netherlands are experiencing an increasing residential density, and, to a lesser extent, increasing population density