Prototyping Large-Sized Objects Using Freeform Thick Layers of Plastic Foam

Current Rapid Prototyping systems are primarily aimed at small-sized objects containing many shape details. In this paper a Rapid Prototyping technology is presented that is aimed at largesized objects having a complex, freeform outer shape. This new technology builds the model out ofthick layers, each having freeform outside faces. The paper will present: an overview of current methods to produce large prototypes, the basics of the new method, the technology used to produce the layers, the toolpath planning and finally the overall system design.Mechanical Engineerin

Terrace Review, January, 31, 1990

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Public Health Benefits and Harms of Breast Cancer Screening : Microsimulations informing screening recommendations

The studies in this thesis have investigated, by means of microsimulation modeling, wether breast density, breast cancer family history, age, and common genetic variants in our DNA can be used to optimize and personalize breast cancer screening based on individual risk

Sensor properties of a robust giant magnetoresistance material system at elevated temperatures

The temperature dependence of the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) ratio, resistance and exchange-biasing field for a spin valve comprising an Ir19Mn81-biased artificial antiferromagnet (AAF) has been studied up to 325 °C. Up to 200–250 °C the temperature effects are reversible, at higher temperatures gradual irreversible changes are observed, probably due to atomic diffusion. The magnetoresistance effect is even at 200 °C still higher than for anisotropic magnetoresistance sensors at room temperature. The resistance of the multilayer shows a maximum around 250 °C. We found that this is due to the peculiar behavior of Ir–Mn, which has a negative temperature coefficient of the resistance. This provides a possibility to tune the temperature coefficient for the complete multilayer by varying the thickness of the Ir–Mn layer. The relative decrease of the exchange-biasing field as a function of temperature is much smaller for spin valves with AAF than for conventional spin valves (without AAF). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the GMR ratio can be increased to 12% at room temperature by using a dual spin valve with two AAFs. ©2000 American Institute of Physics

Influence of Ser and Thr residues in the geometry of transmembrane helices : implications on the structure and function of G protein-coupled receptors

Consultable des del TDXTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaEn aquesta tesi s'apliquen eines bioinformàtiques a l'estudi de determinats sistemes biològics. En particular, l'estudi teòric de la influència de determinats aminoàcids sobre l'estructura i la dinàmica dels elements d'estructura secundària de les proteïnes s'aplica a la modelització per homologia dels receptors acoblats a proteïna G (GPCRs) i a l'estudi dels seus mecanismes d'activació. Se sap que determinats residus, com prolina, serina o treonina, provoquen distorsions locals en l'estructura de les hèlices a. L'anàlisi de bases de dades de seqüències de segments transmembrana mostra com certes combinacions d'aquests residus són més comunes que d'altres, i que algunes d'elles estan sobre-representades de manera significativa, mentre que d'altres estan clarament sots-representades. La restricció d'aquesta anàlisi de seqüències a la regió transmembrana dels GPCRs de la Classe A mostra com aquestes combinacions es troben en posicions específiques i, a més, es troben conservades en certes subfamílies de receptors. L'estructura i la dinàmica de les hèlices transmembrana que contenen aquestes combinacions de prolina i serina o treonina s'han estudiat mitjançant simulacions de dinàmica molecular en un entorn hidrofòbic explícit. Els resultats mostren com algunes d'aquestes combinacions indueixen distorsions importants en l'estructura de l'hèlix a, degut al seu efecte desestabilitzador de la xarxa de ponts d'hidrogen que dóna estabilitat a l'hèlix. Aquests resultats s'han aplicat a la construcció d'un model tridimensional del receptor de quimiocines CCR5 , utilitzant tècniques de modelització molecular per homologia. En aquest model es proposa que les hèlices transmembrana (TMH) 2 i 3 del receptor CCR5 són estructuralment diferents del patró de rodopsina. TMH2 està més doblegada degut a la presència d'un motiu Thr-X-Pro, que, a més, fa que aquesta hèlix es doblegui cap a TMH3. Així doncs, es proposa que, en aquest receptor, aquestes dues hèlices interaccionen. Aquesta interacció estaria mediada per la presència de residus hidrofòbics conservats i específics en les dues hèlices. Aquestes hipòtesis han estat posades a prova mitjançant experiments de mutagènesi dirigida, gràcies a la col·laboració amb l'Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Nucléaire (IRIBHN), Université Libre de Bruxelles. Els resultats experimentals permeten establir la hipòtesi que la interfície TMH2-TMH3 participa en l'activació induïda per quimiocines del receptor CCR5. Com a conclusió, aquesta tesi pretén mostrar com, mitjançant la utilització d'eines bioinformàtiques, és possible traduir les seqüències primàries de proteïnes i les interaccions a nivell atòmic en estructures tridimensionals de proteïnes. A més, aquesta tesi mostra que, encara que l'estructura tridimensional de la rodopsina bovina és un patró útil per la modelització per homologia de GPCRs, s'han de tenir en compte de manera explícita les especificitats de seqüència de cada receptor per tal de construir models de receptors particulars. Aquestes especificitats de seqüència consisteixen en patrons de seqüència conservats en determinades famílies, que es tradueixen en divergències estructurals. Entre aquests patrons de seqüència, es proposa que els residus de serina i treonina, sols o combinats amb residus de prolina propers, poden modular la geometria de les TMHs, degut a la seva capacitat d'interferir amb la xarxa de ponts d'hidrogen que dóna estabilitat a les hèlices a. Finalment, es proposa que la influència dels motius de serina, treonina i prolina en l'estructura de les TMHs pot estar relacionada amb els processos d'activació dels GPCRs de la Classe A i, possiblement, d'altres proteïnes de membrana. En els GPCRs, aquests motius poden haver evolucionat per tal d'adaptar uns mecanismes d'activació conservats als lligands característics de cada família de receptors.This thesis is framed in the study of particular biological systems through the use of bioinformatics. In particular, the theoretical study of the influence of certain amino acids on the structure and dynamics of the secondary structure elements of proteins has been applied to homology modelling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and to the study of their mechanisms of activation. Certain residues, as proline, serine or threonine, are known to induce local distortions in the a-helical structure. Analysis of sequence databases of transmembrane segments evidence that certain combinations of these residues are more common than others, and that some of them are significantly over-represented, while others are clearly under-represented. The focusing this sequence analysis on the transmembrane region of Class A GPCRs illustrates that these combinations are located in some specific locations and conserved within certain subfamilies of receptors. The structure and dynamics of transmembrane a-helices containing these combinations of proline and serine or threonine have been studied using molecular dynamics simulations in an explicit hydrophobic environment. The results show how some of these combinations induce significant distortions in the a-helical structure, due to their effect on the hydrogen bond network that stabilizes the helix. These results have been applied to the building of a three-dimensional model of the chemokine CCR5 receptor, using homology modelling techniques. In this model, transmembrane helices (TMH) 2 and 3 of CCR5 are proposed to be different from the bovine rhodopsin template. TMH2 is more bent due to the presence of a Thr-X-Pro motif, which, in turn, induces this helix to lean towards TMH3. As a consequence, an interaction between these two helices is proposed for this particular receptor. This interaction would be mediated through the presence of specific and conserved hydrophobic and aromatic residues in both helices. These hypothesis have been tested through site-directed mutagenesis experiments, thanks to a collaboration with the Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Nucléaire (IRIBHN), Université Libre de Bruxelles. The experimental results let us to hypothesize that the TMH2-TMH3 interface is involved in the chemokine-induced activation of the CCR5 receptor. As a conclusion, this thesis aims to show how through the use of bioinformatics tools, primary sequences of proteins and interactions at an atomic level can be translated to three-dimensional protein structures. In addition, this thesis illustrates that, even though the three-dimensional structure of bovine rhodopsin is a very useful template for homology modelling of GPCRs, the sequence specificities of each receptor have to be explicitly taken into account in order to build models. These sequence specificities consist in sequence patterns conserved within certain families, which are translated into structural divergences. Among these sequence patterns, we hypothesize that serine and threonine, alone or combined with nearby proline residues, can modulate the geometry of TMHs, due to its capability to interfere with the hydrogen bond network that stabilize a-helices. Finally, we propose that the influence of serine, threonine and proline motifs in the structure of TMHs may be related to processes of activation in the Class A of GPCRs, and, possibly, other membrane proteins as well. In GPCRs, these motifs may have evolved in order to adapt a conserved mechanism of activation of the G protein to the cognate ligands of each receptor family

Investigating the Morphology and Mechanics of Biogenic Hierarchical Materials at and below Micrometer Scale

Investigating and understanding the intrinsic material properties of biogenic materials, which have evolved over millions of years into admirable structures with difficult to mimic hierarchical levels, holds the potential of replacing trial-and-error-based materials optimization in our efforts to make synthetic materials of similarly advanced complexity and properties. An excellent example is biogenic silica which is found in the exoskeleton of unicellular photosynthetic algae termed diatoms. Because of the complex micro-and nanostructures found in their exoskeleton, deter-mining the intrinsic mechanical properties of biosilica in diatoms has only partly been accomplished. Here, a general method is presented in which a combination of in situ deformation tests inside an SEM with a realistic 3D model of the frustule of diatom Craspedostauros sp. (C. sp.) obtained by electron tomography, alongside finite element method (FEM) simulations, enables quantification of the Young’s modulus (E = 2.3 ± 0.1 GPa) of this biogenic hierarchical silica. The workflow presented can be readily extended to other diatom species, biominerals, or even synthetic hierarchical materials.</p

Evaluation of tongue squamous cell carcinoma resection margins using ex-vivo MR

Contains fulltext : 174271.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)PURPOSE: Purpose of this feasibility study was (1) to evaluate whether application of ex-vivo 7T MR of the resected tongue specimen containing squamous cell carcinoma may provide information on the resection margin status and (2) to evaluate the research and developmental issues that have to be solved for this technique to have the beneficial impact on clinical outcome that we expect: better oncologic and functional outcomes, better quality of life, and lower costs. METHODS: We performed a non-blinded validation of ex-vivo 7T MR to detect the tongue squamous cell carcinoma and resection margin in 10 fresh tongue specimens using histopathology as gold standard. RESULTS: In six of seven specimens with a histopathologically determined invasion depth of the tumor of [Formula: see text] mm, the tumor could be recognized on MR, with a resection margin within a 2 mm range as compared to histopathology. In three specimens with an invasion depth of [Formula: see text] mm, the tumor was not visible on MR. Technical limitations mainly included scan time, image resolution, and the fact that we used a less available small-bore 7T MR machine. CONCLUSION: Ex-vivo 7T probably will have a low negative predictive value but a high positive predictive value, meaning that in tumors thicker than a few millimeters we expect to be able to predict whether the resection margin is too small. A randomized controlled trial needs to be performed to show our hypothesis: better oncologic and functional outcomes, better quality of life, and lower costs

Human Plasmodium knowlesi Infection Detected by Rapid Diagnostic Tests for Malaria

We describe a PCR-confirmed case of Plasmodium knowlesi infection with a high parasitemia level and clinical signs of severe malaria in a migrant worker from Malaysian Borneo in the Netherlands. Investigations showed that commercially available rapid antigen tests for detection of human Plasmodium infections can detect P. knowlesi infections in humans

Tune in to your emotions: a robust personalized affective music player

The emotional power of music is exploited in a personalized affective music player (AMP) that selects music for mood enhancement. A biosignal approach is used to measure listeners’ personal emotional reactions to their own music as input for affective user models. Regression and kernel density estimation are applied to model the physiological changes the music elicits. Using these models, personalized music selections based on an affective goal state can be made. The AMP was validated in real-world trials over the course of several weeks. Results show that our models can cope with noisy situations and handle large inter-individual differences in the music domain. The AMP augments music listening where its techniques enable automated affect guidance. Our approach provides valuable insights for affective computing and user modeling, for which the AMP is a suitable carrier application

'We are planning to leave, all of us'-a realist study of mechanisms explaining healthcare employee turnover in rural Ethiopia

Background: We study healthcare employees' turnover intentions in the Afar National Regional State of Ethiopia. This rural region is experiencing the globally felt crisis in human resources, which is inhibiting its ability to meet health-related sustainable development goals. Methods: Realist case study which combines literature study and qualitative analysis of interview and focus group discussion data, following a realist case study protocol. Results: A large majority of employees has turnover intentions. Building on Herzberg's two-factor theory, person-environment fit theory, as well as recent sub-Saharan evidence, analysis of the collected data yields four turnover mechanisms: (1) lack of social and personal opportunities in the region, (2) dissonance between management logic and professional logic, (3) standards of service operations are hard to accept, and (4) lack of financial improvement opportunities. Conclusions: While the first and fourth mechanisms may be out of reach for local (human resource) management interventions, the second and third mechanisms proposed to explain health workforce turnover appear to be amenable to local (human resource) management interventions to strengthen healthcare. These mechanisms are likely to play a role in other remote sub-Saharan regions as well