Morphological study of the antennal sensilla in Gerromorpha (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

The external morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla of 21 species from five families of semiaquatic bugs (Gerromorpha) were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Nine main types were distinguished based on their morphological structure: sensilla trichoidea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla leaflike, sensilla campaniformia, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla ampullacea, sensilla basiconica, sensilla placoidea and sensilla bell-mouthed. The specific morphological structure of one type of sensilla (bell-mouthed sensilla) was observed only in Aquarius paludum. Several subtypes of sensilla are described, differentiated by number, location and type of sensillum characteristic for each examined taxon. The present study provides new data about the morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla in Gerromorpha

The role of upper airway pathology as a co-morbidity in severe asthma

Introduction: Severe asthma is a complex heterogeneous disease that is refractory to standard treatment and is complicated by multiple co-morbidities and risk factors. Several co-morbidities may contribute to worsen asthma control and complicate diagnostic and therapeutic management of severe asthmatic patients. Areas covered: A prevalent cluster of chronic upper airway co-morbid diseases is recognized in severe asthma. Evaluation for these disorders should always be considered in clinical practice. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of the prevalence, the pathogenetic mechanisms, the clinical impact and the therapeutic options for upper airway pathology in severe asthma, focusing on chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic rhinitis. Expert commentary: In the context of severe asthma, the clinical significance of upper airway co-morbidities is based on mutual interactions complicating diagnosis and management. A better analysis and understanding of phenotypes and endotypes of both upper and lower airway diseases are crucial to further develop targeted treatment