18 research outputs found
Croatian Geomagnetic Normal Reference Field of 2004.5
Predstavljeni su rezultati prve izmjere deklinacije, inklinacije i totalnog intenziteta, izvedene u ljeto 2004. godine na Hrvatskoj geomagnetskoj sekularnoj mreži. Opisani su mjerni postupci, koriÅ”teni instrumentarij te redukcija mjerenja na epohu 2004,5. Hrvatsko geomagnetsko normalno referentno polje za 2004,5 definirano je koeficijentima polinoma drugog reda po latitudi i longitudi. Model normalnog polja pokazao je znatne razlike u odnosu na globalni model DGRF. S pomoÄu MokroviÄevih podataka iz 1928. godine procijenjena je sekularna varijacija na teritoriju Hrvatske.The results of the first declination, inclination and total intensity survey of the Croatian Geomagnetic Repeat Stations Network that took place in the summer of 2004 are presented. The applied measurement procedures, the instruments used, as well as the reduction of measurements to the epoch of 2004.5 are described. The Croatian Normal Reference Field of the 2004.5 is represented by means of the coefficients of the second order polynomial in latitude and longitude. Normal field model showed a significant differences in respect to global DGRF. The secular variation of the Croatian territory was estimated with the help of MokroviÄās 1928. data
Geomagnetic survey on Sinjsko polje repeat station and data reduction using the onsite dIdD variometer
U sklopu hrvatsko-maÄarskog projekta po prvi puta u Republici Hrvatskoj geomagnetska izmjera izvedena je upotrebom terenskog dIdD (delta Inklinacija / delta Deklinacija) variometra. S obzirom da su opažanja vektora geomagnetskog polja dobivena u referentnom okviru instrumenta, potrebno je odrediti kalibracijske parametre Äime se omoguÄuje transformacija u geografski koordinatni sustav XYZ. Tri i pol dana trajanja izmjere na sekularnoj toÄki Sinjsko polje (SINP) otkrilo je vremensku promjenjivost gradijenata geomagnetskog polja. Iako su opažanja bila pod utjecajem doprinosa dodatnog magnetskog polja, odreÄivanje mirne razine razlika geomagnetskog polja izmeÄu sekularne toÄke SINP i referentnog opservatorija THY (Tihany) omoguÄilo je pouzdaniju redukciju. Usporedba rezultata razliÄitih metoda redukcija ukazala je na poboljÅ”anje geomagnetske izmjere koriÅ”tenjem terenskog variometra.Within the Croatian-Hungarian project for the first time in the Republic of Croatia the repeat stations survey was carried out using an onsite dIdD (delta Declination / delta Inclination) variometer. Since the geomagnetic field vector observations are obtained in the instrumentās reference frame, the calibration parameters have to be determined enabling the transformation to the geographic coordinate system XYZ. Three and a half days long occupation of the Sinjsko polje (SINP) repeat station revealed the temporal variability of the geomagnetic field gradients. Although observations were affected by extra magnetic field contributions, the determination of the quiet-time level geomagnetic field differences between the SINP repeat station and THY (Tihany) reference observatory enabled a more reliable data reduction. The comparison of results of different data reduction methods pointed out the improvement of the geomagnetic survey with the onsite variometer
Presence of nitrates and nitrites in fresh cow milk from milk machines during winter and summer period in the city Zagreb and Zagreb County area
Introduction: The aim of the study was to determine the nitrites and nitrates content in fresh cowās milk samples from milking machines, and to determine whether their amount is affected by the season of sampling (summer/winter).
Methods: The methodology used was analytical transversal method at 2-time points. All milk samples were sampled at milk machines from the City of Zagreb and Zagreb County, during the summer and winter months in 2020. A total of 40 milk samples were sampled, with 20 samples in each monitored period (summer/winter). A high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector was used to identify and quantify concentrations of the nitrate and the nitrite content. The results were processed using descriptive statistics and the statistics of differences.
Results: The analysis determined the range of nitrate content from 1.28 mg/kg to 19.71 mg/kg and the range of nitrite content was from 0.49 mg/kg to 3.42 mg/kg in milk samples. The mean result of nitrates in fresh cowās milk samples in the summer period was 9.12 mg/kg and in the winter period of 3.88 mg/kg. The mean value of nitrite in the summer was 1.23 mg/kg, while the mean value of nitrite in the winter period was 1.48 mg/kg.
Conclusion: The research has shown that the nitrate and the nitrite levels in local fresh cowās milk sampled in milk machines do not exceed the maximum allowable intake. The obtained results confirmed that the amounts of nitrates and nitrites in the milk samples differ significantly during the winter and summer periods and differences are depending on the location of the milk machine
Croatian Geomagnetic Repeat Stations Network
Prikazana je uspostava mreže primarnih sekularnih geomagnetskih toÄaka na teritoriju Republike Hrvatske. ToÄke za istraživanje sekularne varijacije projektirane su sukladno preporukama Coordination Committee for Common European Repeat Station Surveys, kriterijima International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy ā IAGA te iskustvima europskih zemalja. KonaÄne lokacije sekularnih toÄaka izabrane su evaluacijom kriterija na samom terenu. U tu svrhu razvijene su i testirane metode odreÄivanja gradijenata totalnog intenziteta ukljuÄujuÄi potrebnu programsku podrÅ”ku. Iz ispitivanja razliÄitih materijala uslijedio je izbor kamene stabilizacije. ToÄke mreže stabilizirane su ukopavanjem stabilizacije standardnim geodetskim postupcima. Status svake toÄke mreže dokumentiran je obrascima Položajnog opisa i Geomagnetskih parametara.The establishment of primary geomagnetic repeat stations on the territory of the Republic of Croatia was presented. Stations for secular variation study were designed in accordance to recommendations of the Coordination Committee for Common European Repeat Station Surveys, criteria of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - IAGA, as well as experiences of the European countries. Final locations of the repeat stations were determined by the field evaluation of the criteria. For that purpose, the total intensity gradients survey methods, along with required software, were developed. Following the testing of various materials, the rock monument was selected. The network points were setup by digging in the monument using standard geodetic procedures. The Status of the each network point was documented in Position Description and Geomagnetic Parameters forms
Provjera autentiÄnosti ekstrakta lista biljke Ginkgo biloba L. i proizvoda koji ga sadrže na hrvatskom tržiÅ”tu putem analize koliÄine i omjera ginkoflavonoglikozida (kvercetin, kempferol i izoramnetin) i terpenskih trilaktona u svrhu otkrivanja krivotvorenih pripravaka opasnih za zdravlje korisnika
Ginkgo biloba L. is the eldest plant growing on the Earth; preparations made of its leaves and seeds represent an integral part of the Chinese medicine for over a millennium. The plant species was first discovered by Linnaeus in 1771, its name thereby originating from the Latin words
bis (two) and lobus (lobe), which duly illustrate the specific shape of its leaf. Contemporary Ginkgo biloba L. plant based pharmaceuticals mostly comprise extracts recovered from leaves harvested during fall, when the concentration of active components reaches its peak. Recent investigations have managed to establish the chemical composition of the plant leaf, together with the mechanisms underlying its beneficial effects on rheological profile of the blood and acceleration of its flow. High price of these preparations and their vast popularity have soon become an incentive for counterfeiting Ginkgo biloba L. extracts and the release of bogus drugs comprising cheaper extracts coming from other plants. Namely, modern Ginkgo biloba L.-based medicinal products and food supplements comprise extracts recovered from the plant leaf that get to be standardized according to its key pharmacological active
components, most often flavone glycosides (represented in the share of 22%-27%) and terpene trilactones (represented in the share of 6%-7%). The flavonoids that predominate such preparations and are most relevant from the pharmacological standpoint are quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, their total amount and mutual ratios, thereby being an unquestionable indicator of the extract authenticity.
Therefore, most of the analyses aiming at verifying the authenticity of a given Ginkgo biloba L.-based product boil down to the analysis of these parameters. Counterfeiting involves partial or full replacement of the Ginkgo biloba L. extract (GBE) with a cheaper plant extract of a similar composition, the latter occasionally being enriched with an additional amount of flavonoids, most often quercetin, not originating from the Ginkgo biloba L. plant. The aim of this study was to verify the authenticity and quality of Ginkgo biloba L.-based products circulating on the Croatian market. To that effect, 10 samples of products produced by various manufacturers were analyzed in a certified laboratory. The
parameters based on which the authenticity of the preparations was assessed were the shares of aglycones of typical ginkgo flavone glycosides, that is to say, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin, and
mutual ratios of the established quantities of quercetin to kaempferol as the key clues to unmasking Ginkgo extracts counterfeiting. The amount of ginkgo flavone glycosides was established using high performance liquid chromatography. The analysis proved 80% of the samples analyzed to be conformant to the label statements as regards the total amount of flavone glycosides and their mutual ratios. In 20% of the samples, the ratio of quercetin to kaempferol deviated from normal values; on top of that, the presence of the phytoestrogen genistein, one of the components typically comprised by the Sophora japonica L. plant, was also proven, documenting counterfeiting of the GBE and its replacement by the Sophora japonica L. extracts in the samples under consideration. Due to the untrue label statements descriptive of these products, the information on the presence of pharmacologically active
genistein was neglected to be mentioned despite its unfavorable health impact that can be expected in some consumer groups. The results of this study indicated the frequency of counterfeiting the Ginkgo biloba L.-based products found on the Croatian market to be deemed substantial. Therefore, a more rigorous and more thorough control of these products and sanctioning of irresponsible manufacturers and distributers is proposed, so as to contribute to a higher market representation of high-quality products, as well as to avoid health risks and downsize the rate of their counterfeiting.Ginkgo biloba L. najstarija je biljka na zemlji, a pripravci od njegovih listova i sjemenaka dio su kineske medicine veÄ viÅ”e tisuÄa godina. Vrstu je 1771. godine otkrio Linnaeus, a ime je dobila od latinskih rijeÄi bis, tj. dva i lobus zbog specifiÄnog oblika lista. DanaÅ”nji farmaceutski oblici biljke Ginkgo biloba L. sadrže uglavnom ekstrakte iz listova ubranih ujesen kada je najveÄa koncentracija aktivnih komponenata. Suvremenim istraživanjima odreÄen je kemijski sastav njegovog lista, a utvrÄeni su i mehanizmi njegovog pozitivnog djelovanja na reoloÅ”ka svojstva krvi i ubrzanje njezinog protoka. Visoka cijena i velika popularnost ubrzo su postali poticaj za krivotvorenje ekstrakta biljke Ginkgo biloba L. jeftinijim ekstraktima drugih biljaka. Naime, suvremeni medicinski proizvodi i dodaci prehrani na osnovi biljke Ginkgo biloba L. sadrže ekstrakte njegovog lista koji se standardiziraju prema njegovim kljuÄnim farmakoloÅ”ki aktivnim sastavnicama; najÄeÅ”Äe je to 22%-27% flavonoid glikozida i 6%-7% terpenskih trilaktona. Kvercetin, kempferol i izoramnetin su dominantni i farmakoloÅ”ki najvažniji flavonoidi, a njihova ukupna koliÄina i meÄusobni omjeri nedvojben su pokazatelj autentiÄnosti ekstrakta. Stoga se i veÄina analiza za utvrÄivanje ispravnosti proizvoda koji sadrže biljku Ginkgo biloba L. temelji na analizi ovih parametara. Krivotvorenja podrazumijevaju djelomiÄnu ili potpunu zamjenu ektrakta Ginkgo biloba L. nekim jeftinijim biljnim ekstraktom sliÄnog sastava uz eventualno obogaÄivanje dodatnom koliÄinom flavonoida, najÄeÅ”Äe kvercetina, koji ne potjeÄu od biljke Ginkgo biloba L. Svrha ovoga rada bila je provjeriti autentiÄnost i kakvoÄu pripravaka Ginkgo biloba L. na hrvatskom tržiÅ”tu. Analizirano
je ukupno 10 uzoraka razliÄitih proizvoÄaÄa. Kao pokazatelji njihove ispravnosti odreÄivani su udjeli aglikona karakteristiÄnih
ginkoflavonoglikozida: kvercetin, kempferol i izoramnetin te omjeri naÄenih koliÄina kvercetina i kempferola kao kljuÄni pokazatelji krivotvorenja ginkgo-ekstrakta. KoliÄina ginkoflavonoglikozida odreÄena je metodom tekuÄinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti. Analizom je utvrÄeno da 80% uzoraka odgovara navodima deklaracije u pogledu ukupne koliÄine flavonoglikozida kao i u pogledu njihovog meÄusobnog omjera. U 20% uzoraka omjer kvercetina i kempferola odstupao je od uobiÄajenih vrijednosti, a dokazano je i prisustvo fitoestrogena genisteina, jedne od karakteristiÄnih sastavnica biljke Sophora japonica L., Äijim ekstraktom je krivotvoren ginkgo-ekstrakt u analiziranim uzorcima. Zbog neistinite deklaracije na proizvodima koji su sadržavali ove ekstrakte izostalo je i obvezno upozorenje o prisutnosti farmakoloÅ”ki aktivnog genisteina koji može izazvati neželjene zdravstvene posljedice kod pojedinih skupina potroÅ”aÄa. Rezultati ovoga rada ukazuju na znaÄajnu pojavnost krivotvorenja proizvoda biljke Ginkgo biloba L. na hrvatskom tržiÅ”tu te se zbog toga predlaže njihova
temeljitija kontrola kao i sankcioniranje neodgovornih proizvoÄaÄa i trgovaca, Äime bi se doprinijelo veÄem udjelu kvalitetnijih proizvoda i izbjegli zdravstveni rizici te smanjila pojavnost prijevare
Utjecaj razliÄitih povrÅ”inskih obrada litij-disilikatne keramike ojaÄane cirkonijevim dioksidom na smiÄnu ÄvrstoÄu samoadherirajuÄega smolastoga cementa
Aim: To analyze the influence of different surface pretreatments of zirconium dioxide reinforced lithium disilicate ceramics on the shear bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement. Materials and methods: Eighty-four zirconium reinforced lithium disilicate disc Vita suprinity (Vita Zahnfabrick, Bad SƤckingen, Germany) 14x12x2 mm specimens were fabricated according to the manufacturerās recommendations. The specimens were embedded in acrylic resin blocks and randomly divided in seven groups (n=12/each) accorrding to the treatment: Group 1- 10% hydrofluoric acid; Group 2- silane; Group 3- hydrofluoric and silane; Group 4- sandblasting with silane; Group 5- Er: YAG laser+ silane; Group 6- Nd: YAG laser + silane; and the control group, in which the specimens were not treated. Round shape composite discs (Filtek Bulk fill, 3M ESPE, St.Paul, Minnesota, USA) with 3.5 mm diameter, were made for shear bond strength testing, and then cemented to the ceramic sample surface using composite cement (RelyX U200 Automix, 3M ESPE, Neuss, Germany). After cementing the composite disc on the sample, the samples were subjected to shear bond strength test of 10 N with a āstress rateā of 1 MPa / s. To determine the nature of the fracture (adhesive, cohesive or adhesivecohesive), the broken samples were examined under a stereomicroscope. The ANOVA test and the Tukey test were used to compare the values of the bond strength characteristics between different types of materials. All tests were performed with a significance level of Ī± = 0.05. Results: There was a significant difference in the shear bond strength of self-adhesive cement to dental lithium-disilicate ceramics reinforced with zirconium dioxide after different preparation protocols (p<0, 05). The treatment of lithium disilicate ceramics reinforced with zirconium dioxide by silanization, sandblasting + silanization, Nd: YAG + silanization resulted in significantly higher bond strength compared to the control group. There was statistically higher bond strength of self-adhesive cement after pretreatment of lithium disilicate ceramics Nd: YAG + silanization compared to Er: YAG + silanization (p<0.05). Adhesive fracture dominated in the control group, sandblasting + silanization group, and in the laser groups, while mixed fracture dominated in other groups. Conclusion: Under the limitations of this study, the Nd:YAG irradiation with silanization could be used as pretreatment for providing greater shear bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement to zirconium reinforced lithium disilicate.Cilj: Analizirati utjecaj razliÄitih povrÅ”inskih obrada litij-disilikatne keramike ojaÄane cirkonijevim dioksidom na veznu ÄvrstoÄu samoadherirajuÄega smolastoga cementa. Materijali i metode: Osamdeset i Äetiri litij-disilikatna uzorka diska Vita suprinity (Vita Zahnfabrick, Bad SƤckingen, NjemaÄka) ojaÄana cirkonijevim dioksidom, veliÄine 14 x 12 x 2 mm, proizvedena su prema preporukama proizvoÄaÄa. Uzorci su inkorporirani u akrilatne blokove i podijeljeni prema vrsti povrÅ”inskog tretmana u sedam skupina (n = 12 / svaka): skupina 1. ā 10-postotna fluorovodiÄna kiselina; skupina 2. ā silanizacija; skupina 3. ā fluorovodiÄna kiselina i silanizacija; skupina 4. ā pjeskarenje i silanizacija; skupina 5. ā Er: YAG laser + silanizacija; skupina 6. ā Nd: YAG laser + silanizacija; kontrolna skupina u kojoj uzorci nisu obraÄivani. Za testiranje smiÄne ÄvrstoÄe napravljeni su diskovi od kompozita (Filtek Bulk fill, 3M ESPE, St.Paul, Minnesota, SAD) okruglog oblika promjera 3,5 mm, te su priÄvrÅ”Äeni na povrÅ”inu keramiÄkog uzorka kompozitnim cementom (RelyX U200 Automix, 3M ESPE, Neuss, NjemaÄka). Nakon cementiranja kompozitnog diska na uzorak, uzorci su podvrgnuti testu snage smiÄne sile od 10 N uz stress rate od 1 MPa/s. Kako bi se ustanovila priroda loma (adhezivni, kohezivni ili adhezivno/kohezivni), slomljeni uzorci pregledani su pod stereomikroskopom. Za usporedbu vrijednosti obilježja snage vezivanja izmeÄu razliÄitih vrsta materijala koriÅ”teni su ANOVA i Tukeyev test. Svim testovima razina znaÄajnosti bila je Ī± = 0,05. Rezultati: ZnaÄajna je razlika u veznoj ÄvrstoÄi samoadherirajuÄega cementa na dentalnu litij-disilikatnu keramiku ojaÄanu cirkonijevim dioksidom nakon razliÄitih protokola pripreme (p < 0,05). Zabilježena je znaÄajno veÄa snaga vezivanja nakon tretmana litij-disilikatne keramike ojaÄane cirkonijevim dioksidom postupkom silanizacije, pjeskarenja + silanizacije i Nd:YAG laserom + silanizacija u odnosu prema kontrolnoj skupini. Postoji statistiÄki znaÄajno veÄa vezna ÄvrstoÄa samoadherirajuÄega cementa nakon predtretmana litij-disilikatne keramike laserom Nd:YAG + silanizacijom u usporedbi s laserom Er:YAG + silanizacijom (p < 0,05). U kontrolnoj skupini i u skupini pjeskarenje + silanizacija te u skupinama s laserom prevladava adhezivni lom, a u ostalima mjeÅ”oviti. ZakljuÄak: UzimajuÄi u obzir ograniÄenja ovog istraživanja, Nd: Yag lasersko zraÄenje u kombinaciji sa silanizacijom moglo bi se koristiti kao predtretman u svrhu osiguravanja bolje ÄvrstoÄe vezivanja samoadherirajuÄega smolastoga cementa i litij-disilikatne keramike ojaÄane cirkonijevim dioksidom
Determiniranje teÅ”kih metala u razliÄitim vrstama riba uzorkovanih na hrvatskim tržnicama i moguÄi utjecaj na zdravlje
The purpose of this study was to determine and to compare the amount of heavy metals in the meat of white (N = 39) and blue (N = 35) sea fish, considering the spring (N = 38) and fall (N = 36) catch period to study the possible type and seasonal differences especially in Hg concentrations in fish, and to estimate if the amounts registered can have a harmful effect on consumer health. The fish were chosen as an indicator of eco-system contamination with mercury and other heavy metals. The amount of heavy metals, lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), in both groups was lower than the Highest Permissible Amounts regulated by law in Croatia and the European Union. Mercury (Hg) exceeded the maximum allowed value in just a number of samples 3/74 (0.04%), while it is relevant for arsenic (As) to be present in almost any sample, although it has simultaneously not been regulated by law. The statistically significant value of arsenic exists in blue fish during the spring period, and the amount of mercury is higher in white fish compared to blue fish. Also a statistically significant difference in mercury levels was recorded during fall compared to spring,. Given the dietary habits and frequent fish consumption in Croatia, there is no risk of harmful health effects.Cilj ovoga rada bio je odrediti i usporediti koliÄinu teÅ”kih metala u 74 uzorka bijele (N = 39) i plave ribe (N = 35), uzorkovanih u proljetnom (N = 38) i jesenskom razdoblju (N = 36), kako bi se istražila moguÄa razlika u koncentracijama teÅ”kih metala, posebice žive, ovisno o sezoni ulova ili tipu ribe i procijenilo mogu li determinirane koliÄine imati Å”tetnih utjecaja na zdravlje potroÅ”aÄa. Riba je izabrana, buduÄi da je ona indikator zagaÄenja teÅ”kim metalima u eko sustavu. KoliÄina teÅ”kih metala, olova (Pb) i kadmija (Cd), u obje grupe uzoraka, bila je niža od maksimalnih dopuÅ”tenih koncentracija prema hrvatskih i europskim zakonima. KoliÄina žive (Hg) bila je viÅ”e od maksimalnih dopuÅ”tenih koncentracija u vrlo malom broju uzoraka 3/74 (0,04%). MeÄutim, u uzrocima su zabilježene relevantne koliÄine arsena (As), iako koliÄine arsena nisu regulirane hrvatskim propisima. Multivarijatna statistiÄka obrada (neparametrijski Mann-Whitney U test) pokazala je statistiÄki znaÄajne razlike u koliÄini arsena u proljetnom razdoblju u odnosu na jesensko razdoblje, kao Å”to je i izmjerena koliÄina žive statistiÄki znaÄajno bila viÅ”a u bijeloj u odnosu na plavu ribu, te ona izmjerena u jesenskom razdoblju u odnosu na proljetno. UzevÅ”i, meÄutim, u obzir potroÅ”aÄke navike i uÄestalost konzumacije ribe u Hrvatskoj, izmjerene koncentracije nisu povezane s rizikom Å”tetnih posljedica na zdravlje potroÅ”aÄa
Nitrate in leafy green vegetables and estimated intake
Background: Vegetarian diets are rich in vegetables. Green leafy vegetables are foods that contain considerable amounts of nitrate, which can have both positive and negative effects on the human body. Their potential carcinogenicity and toxicity have been proven, particularly after the reduction of nitrate to nitrite itself or just serving as a reactant with amines and/or amides in the formation of N-nitroso compounds -N-nitrosamines and other nitrogen compounds which may have high levels of nitrate. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a significant difference, considering the location and seasonal sampling period, in the level of nitrate in certain types of green vegetables, all in order to be able to assess their intake, and possible impact on human health, especially knowing that exposure to nitrate can be potentially higher for vegetarian population group.Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the sampling of 200 different leafy green vegetables was conducted, all of which could be found in free sale in the Republic of Croatia. The sampling was conducted during two seasonal periods - the spring and autumn period. In the springtime, lettuce (sem), spinach (pinacho), kale (kale), chard (mangel) and cabbage (brassica) were sampled, and in autumn lettuce, spinach, kale, chard and arugula. Samples were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection.Results: The results from the spring sampling phase were in the range of 603 mg/kg for cabbage - 972 mg/kg for chard, and for autumn phase of 1.024 mg/kg for chard to 4.354 mg/kg for the arugula. The results showed that there were significant differences (p <0.05) for most of the samples analyzed, considering the sampling locations and time period.Conclusion: The results indicate that the analyzed vegetables contain significant amounts of nitrate in their composition, which represents relatively significant, but still acceptable intake into the human body.Keywords: leafy green vegetables, nitrate, HPLC, season period, daily intak
Monitoring the Change of Chemical Parameters of Honey Dependent on the Storage Method
Med je po definiciji namirnica kojoj se niÅ”ta ne smije dodavati niti oduzimati kako bi zadržala svoja izvorna karakteristiÄna svojstva. Podaci Food Fraud networka govore kako je rijeÄ o hrani koja podliježe sve ÄeÅ”Äim prevarama potroÅ”aÄa, odnosno krivotvorenju. Med je specifiÄnog kemijskog i nutritivnog sastava koji mu daju status visokovrijedne hrane. Taj sastav, osim krivotvorenjem sastojaka, može se ugroziti i njegovim neadekvatnim skladiÅ”tenjem ili pogreÅ”nom manipulacijom tijekom prerade i prodaje. Cilj je ovoga projekta pratiti promjene osnovnih parametara kvalitete meda kao Å”to su kiselost, elektrovodljivost, aktivnost dijastaze i koliÄina hidroksimetilfurfurala (HMF), koji se mijenjaju s duljinom skladiÅ”tenja, temperaturom i izloženoÅ”Äu meda SunÄevoj svjetlosti.
Istraživanjem je utvrÄeno da razliÄiti uvjeti skladiÅ”tenja meda povezani s promjenom temperaturnog režima imaju utjecaj na promjenu kvalitete meda. Ukupno je analizirano osam uzoraka meda (pet uzoraka meda bagrema i tri uzorka cvjetnog meda), a dobiveni rezultati prikazuju prosjeÄne vrijednosti svih analiziranih uzoraka. NajveÄe promjene utvrÄene su kod dijastaze i HMF-a. Med je skladiÅ”ten na temperaturi od ā20 Ā°C, 0 Ā°C, 20 Ā°C te na temperaturi od 40 Ā°C i 60 Ā°C. Rezultati ukazuju da izlaganje meda viÅ”im temperaturama utjeÄe na smanjenje aktivnosti dijastaze ispod 8DN. Jednako tako, rezultati ukazuju da vrijednosti HMF-a pri visokim temperaturama rastu i ako je izloženost meda visokim temperaturama dulja, vrijednosti HMF-a prelaze maksimalne vrijednosti (40mg/kg). Stoga je od velike važnosti da se pri distribuciji i skladiÅ”tenju meda vodi raÄuna o izloženosti meda utjecaju direktne svjetlosti i temperature okoliÅ”a u kojem se med skladiÅ”ti kako bi se saÄuvale prirodne vrijednosti meda. Potrebno je radi zaÅ”tite potroÅ”aÄa med skladiÅ”titi izvan dohvata SunÄeve svjetlosti i visokih temperatura, a sve u cilju zaÅ”tite zdravlja ljudi.Honey is, by definition, a product to which nothing must be added in order to retain its original properties. Data from Food Froud Network indicates that honey is food which is more and more submitted to chemical counterfeiting by manufacturers and consumer fraud. Honey is of specific chemical and nutritional structure, which gives it its status as food of high value. Besides chemical counterfeit, the sole structure of honey can be jeopardized by leaving it in glass containers too long, since it expiration date is two years after packaging. The purpose of this project is to monitor the honey quality parameters, like acidity, electrical conductivity, diastasis activity and amount of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). These parameters alter with length of time the honey is being kept in a container, as well as temperature and sunlight exposure.
The study has found different conditions of honey storage, related to the evaluation of the temperature regime, have an impact in honeyās quality change. In total, eight samples of honey were analized (five samples of acacia honey, three samples of flower honey), the results show the average values of all analized samples. Major changes were found in diastasis activity and HMF, which can affect the health benefits of honey. Honey was stored at the temperature of -20 Ā°C, 0 Ā°C, 20 Ā°C, 40 Ā°C and 60 Ā°C. The results show that exposure of honey to higher temperatures impacts upon reduction of diastasis activity below 8 DN. Likewise, the results show that the amount of Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) at high temperatures increases, and the longer the exposure of honey is to higher temperatures, the amount of HMF exceeds the maximum values (40 mg/kg). Therefore, it is of great importance that during the distribution and storage of honey, special attention is paid on sunlight and high temperature exposure, in order for natural values of honey to be preserved. It is required, in order to protect consumers and their health, for honey to be stored away from sunlight and high temperatures
Cereals and milled products as a good source of magnesium in everyday diet
Žitarice predstavljaju najrasprostranjeniju i najvažniju kulturu za prehranu ljudi. Važne su i kao sirovina u prehrambenoj industriji te Äine osnovu piramide prehrane. Mlinski proizvodi takoÄer predstavljaju osnovne prehrambene proizvode. Glavni su mlinski proizvodi prekrupa, krupica i braÅ”no. Magnezij je mineral koji je iznimno važan element u ljudskom organizmu. Zauzima Äetvrto mjesto po zastupljenosti kationa u organizmu te je drugi najÄeÅ”Äi u stanicama. Ima važnu ulogu za katalitiÄku aktivnost viÅ”e od 300 enzima u enzimatskim sustavima. Najvažniji je za pravilan rad srca te kao regulator fosfora i kalcija u kostima. Cilj je ovog rada utvrditi koliÄinu magnezija u odabranim žitaricama i mlinskim proizvodima te prikazati zdravstvenu dobrobit magnezija. Tijekom analize sastava žitarica i mlinskih proizvoda analizirano je sveukupno 28 uzoraka. Od toga je bilo pet uzoraka kukuruza u zrnu, sedam uzoraka pÅ”enice, 11 uzoraka pÅ”eniÄnog braÅ”na, braÅ”no od integralne heljde bez glutena, zobena kaÅ”a, prosena kaÅ”a, kaÅ”a zobi, jeÄma i pira te kaÅ”a riže, kukuruza i heljde. Analiza je provedena na Nastavnom zavodu za javno zdravstvo āDr. Andrija Å tamparā. Magnezij je nakon digestije s nitratnom kiselinom i vodikovim peroksidom u mikrovalnoj peÄnici odreÄen induktivno spregnutom plazmom s masenom spektrometrijom (ICP-MS). KoliÄine magnezija u žitaricama iznosile su od 81,92 mg / 100 g do 145,21 mg / 100 g za pÅ”enicu te od 111,68 mg / 100 g do 145,21 mg / 100 g za kukuruz. ProsjeÄna vrijednost magnezija iznosila je 105,81 mg / 100 g za uzorke pÅ”enice te 133,72 mg / 100 g za uzorke kukuruza u zrnu. KoliÄina magnezija utvrÄena u pÅ”eniÄnom braÅ”nu kretala se u rasponu od 23,17 mg / 100 g do 60,41 mg / 100 g, dok je srednja vrijednost magnezija iznosila 34,56 mg / 100 g. KoliÄina magnezija u braÅ”nu od integralne heljde bez glutena iznosila je 226,32 mg / 100 g. UtvrÄena koliÄina magnezija u zobenoj kaÅ”i, prosenoj kaÅ”i, kaÅ”i zobi, jeÄma i pira te kaÅ”i riže, kukuruza i heljde kretala se u rasponu od 76,77 mg / 100 g do 153,61 mg / 100 g. Srednja vrijednost magnezija za uzorke kaÅ”e iznosila je 122,98 mg / 100 g.Cereals represent the most prevailing and important culture for human consumption. They are also important as a raw material in the food industry and form the basis of the food pyramid. Milled products also represent basic food products. The main milled products are groats, semolina and flour. Magnesium is a mineral that is an extremely important element in the human body. It ranks fourth in the representation of cations in the body and is the second most common in cells. It plays an important role for the catalytic activity of more than 300 enzymes in the enzymatic systems. It is most important for proper heart function and as a regulator of phosphorus and calcium in the bones. The aim of this paper is to determine the amount of magnesium in selected cereals and milled products and to present the health benefits of magnesium. A total of twenty eight samples were analysed during the analysis of the composition of cereals and milled products. Of these, there were 5 samples of corn beans, 7 wheat samples, 11 samples of wheat flour, gluten-free whole buckwheat flour, oatmeal, millet porridge, porridge oats, barley and spelt, and rice, corn and buckwheat mash. The analysis was carried out at the Andrija Stampar Teaching Institute of Public Health. After microwave digestion with nitrate acid and hydrogen peroxide, magnesium was determined by inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The amounts of magnesium in cereals ranged from 81.92 mg/100 g to 145.21 mg/100 g for wheat, and from 111.68 mg/100 g to 145.21 mg/100 g for corn. The average magnesium value was 105.81 mg/100 g for wheat samples and 133.72 mg/100 g for grain corn samples. The amount of magnesium found in wheat flour ranged from 23.17 mg/100 g to 60.41 mg/100 g, while the mean magnesium value was 34.56 mg/100 g. The amount of magnesium in the flour from gluten-free wholegrain buckwheat was 226.32 mg/100 g. The determined amount of magnesium in oatmeal, millet porridge, porridge oats, barley and spelt and porridges of rice, corn and buckwheat ranged from 76.77 mg/100 g to 153.61 mg/100 g. The mean magnesium value for porridge samples was 122.98 mg/100 g