An algebraic/numerical formalism for one-loop multi-leg amplitudes

We present a formalism for the calculation of multi-particle one-loop amplitudes, valid for an arbitrary number N of external legs, and for massive as well as massless particles. A new method for the tensor reduction is suggested which naturally isolates infrared divergences by construction. We prove that for N>4, higher dimensional integrals can be avoided. We derive many useful relations which allow for algebraic simplifications of one-loop amplitudes. We introduce a form factor representation of tensor integrals which contains no inverse Gram determinants by choosing a convenient set of basis integrals. For the evaluation of these basis integrals we propose two methods: An evaluation based on the analytical representation, which is fast and accurate away from exceptional kinematical configurations, and a robust numerical one, based on multi-dimensional contour deformation. The formalism can be implemented straightforwardly into a computer program to calculate next-to-leading order corrections to multi-particle processes in a largely automated way.Comment: 71 pages, 7 figures, formulas for rank 6 pentagons added in Appendix

What we don't know about time

String theory has transformed our understanding of geometry, topology and spacetime. Thus, for this special issue of Foundations of Physics commemorating "Forty Years of String Theory", it seems appropriate to step back and ask what we do not understand. As I will discuss, time remains the least understood concept in physical theory. While we have made significant progress in understanding space, our understanding of time has not progressed much beyond the level of a century ago when Einstein introduced the idea of space-time as a combined entity. Thus, I will raise a series of open questions about time, and will review some of the progress that has been made as a roadmap for the future.Comment: 15 pages; Essay for a special issue of Foundations of Physics commemorating "Forty years of string theory

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infection In Patients With Cystic Fibrosis: Scientific Evidence Regarding Clinical Impact, Diagnosis, And Treatment [infecção Por Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Em Pacientes Com Fibrose Cística: Evidências Científicas Sobre O Impacto Clínico, Diagnóstico E Tratamento]

Evidence-based techniques have been increasingly used in the creation of clinical guidelines and the development of recommendations for medical practice. The use of levels of evidence allows the reader to identify the quality of scientific information that supports the recommendations made by experts. The objective of this review was to address current concepts related to the clinical impact, diagnosis, and treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. For the preparation of this review, the authors defined a group of questions that would be answered in accordance with the principles of PICO-an acronym based on questions regarding the Patients of interest, Intervention being studied, Comparison of the intervention, and Outcome of interest. For each question, a structured review of the literature was performed using the Medline database in order to identify the studies with the methodological design most appropriate to answering the question. The questions were designed so that each of the authors could write a response. A first draft was prepared and discussed by the group. Recommendations were then made on the basis of the level of scientific evidence, in accordance with the classification system devised by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, as well as the level of agreement among the members of the group.394495512Ratjen, F., Döring, G., Cystic fibrosis (2003) Lancet, 361 (9358), pp. 681-689. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12567-6Flume, P.A., O'Sullivan, B.P., Robinson, K.A., Goss, C.H., Mogayzel Jr., P.J., Willey-Courand, D.B., Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: Chronic medications for maintenance of lung health (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 176 (10), pp. 957-969. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200705-664OC, PMid:17761616Ratjen, F.A., Cystic fibrosis: Pathogenesis and future treatment strategies (2009) Respir Care, 54 (5), pp. 595-605. , http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/aarc0427, PMid:19393104Lommatzsch, S.T., Aris, R., Genetics of cystic fibrosis (2009) Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 30 (5), pp. 531-538. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1238911, PMid:19760540Ratjen, F., Diagnosing and managing infection in CF Paediatr Respir Rev. 2006;7 Suppl, 1, pp. 151-153. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2006.04.217, PMid:16798546Govan, J.R., Deretic, V., Microbial pathogenesis in cystic fibrosis: Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia (1996) Microbiol Rev, 60 (3), pp. 539-574. , PMid:8840786 PMCid:239456Li, Z., Kosorok, M.R., Farrell, P.M., Laxova, A., West, S.E., Green, C.G., Longitudinal development of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and lung disease progression in children with cystic fibrosis (2005) JAMA, 293 (5), pp. 581-588. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.5.581, PMid:15687313Gibson, R.L., Burns, J.L., Ramsey, B.W., Pathophysiology and management of pulmonary infections in cystic fibrosis (2003) Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 168 (8), pp. 918-951. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200304-505SO, PMid:14555458Deschaght, P., van Daele, S., de Baets, F., Vaneechoutte, M., PCR and the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in respiratory samples of CF patients. A literature review (2011) J Cyst Fibros, 10 (5), pp. 293-297. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2011.05.004, PMid:21684819Nixon, G.M., Armstrong, D.S., Carzino, R., Carlin, J.B., Olinsky, A., Robertson, C.F., Clinical outcome after early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis (2001) J Pediatr, 138 (5), pp. 699-704. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2001.112897, PMid:11343046Henry, R.L., Mellis, C.M., Petrovic, L., Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a marker of poor survival in cystic fibrosis (1992) Pediatr Pulmonol, 12 (3), pp. 158-161. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppul.1950120306, PMid:1641272Taccetti, G., Campana, S., Festini, F., Mascherini, M., Döring, G., Early eradication therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients (2005) Eur Respir J, 26 (3), pp. 458-461. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00009605, PMid:16135728The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence, , http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653, CEBM Centre For Evidence Based Medicine [homepage on the Internet]. 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Management (2008) Thorax, 63 (2), pp. 180-184. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.060905, PMid:18234661Smyth, A., Knox, A., Twice vs three times daily antibiotics in the treatment of pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis (2011) J Cyst Fibros, 10 (5), p. 383. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2011.03.010, PMid:21507733Breidenstein, E.B., de la Fuente-Nú-ez, C., Hancock, R.E., Pseudomonas aeruginosa: All roads lead to resistance (2011) Trends Microbiol, 19 (8), pp. 419-426. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.04.005, PMid:21664819Cheng, K., Smyth, R.L., Govan, J.R., Doherty, C., Winstanley, C., Denning, N., Spread of beta-lactam-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a cystic fibrosis clinic (1996) Lancet, 348 (9028), pp. 639-642. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)05169-0Elphick, H.E., Tan, A., Single versus combination intravenous antibiotic therapy for people with cystic fibrosis (2005) Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (2), pp. CD002007. , PMid:15846627Bosso, J.A., Saxon, B.A., Matsen, J.M., Comparative activity of cefepime, alone and in combination, against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas cepacia from cystic fibrosis patients (1991) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 35 (4), pp. 783-784. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.35.4.783, PMid:1906264 PMCid:245101Tré-Hardy, M., Nagant, C., El-Manssouri, N., Vanderbist, F., Traore, H., Vaneechoutte, M., Efficacy of the combination of tobramycin and a macrolide in an in vitro Pseudomonas aeruginosa mature biofilm model (2010) Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 54 (10), pp. 4409-4415. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00372-10, PMid:20696878 PMCid:2944582Leroy, A., Humbert, G., Oksenhendler, G., Fillastre, J.P., Pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in subjects with normal and impaired renal function (1978) Antibiot Chemother, 25, pp. 163-180. , PMid:352252Kovarik, J.M., Hoepelman, I.M., Verhoef, J., Once-daily aminoglycoside administration: New strategies for an old drug (1989) Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 8 (9), pp. 761-769. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185842, PMid:2512146Freeman, C.D., Nicolau, D.P., Belliveau, P.P., Nightingale, C.H., Once-daily dosing of aminoglycosides: Review and recommendations for clinical practice (1997) J Antimicrob Chemother, 39 (6), pp. 677-686. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/39.6.677, PMid:9222035Contopoulos-Ioannidis, D.G., Giotis, N.D., Baliatsa, D.V., Ioannidis, J.P., Extended-interval aminoglycoside administration for children: A meta-analysis (2004) Pediatrics, 114 (1), pp. 111-118. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.1.e111, PMid:15231982Smyth, A.R., Bhatt, J., Once-daily versus multiple-daily dosing with intravenous aminoglycosides for cystic fibrosis (2012) Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2, pp. CD002009. , PMid:22336782Plummer, A., Wildman, M., Duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy in people with cystic fibrosis (2011) Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, pp. CD006682. , PMid:21249681Vandevanter, D.R., O'Riordan, M.A., Blumer, J.L., Konstan, M.W., Assessing time to pulmonary function benefit following antibiotic treatment of acute cystic fibrosis exacerbations (2010) Respir Res, 11, p. 137. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-11-137, PMid:20925941 PMCid:2959026Hodson, M.E., Penketh, A.R., Batten, J.C., Aerosol carbenicillin and gentamicin treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (1981) Lancet, 2 (8256), pp. 1137-1139. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(81)90588-2Szaff, M., Høiby, N., Flensborg, E.W., Frequent antibiotic therapy improves survival of cystic fibrosis patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (1983) Acta Paediatr Scand, 72 (5), pp. 651-657. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1983.tb09789.x, PMid:6637463Ramsey, B.W., Dorkin, H.L., Eisenberg, J.D., Gibson, R.L., Harwood, I.R., Kravitz, R.M., Efficacy of aerosolized tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis (1993) N Engl J Med, 328 (24), pp. 1740-1746. , http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199306173282403, PMid:8497284Ramsey, B.W., Pepe, M.S., Quan, J.M., Otto, K.L., Montgomery, A.B., Williams-Warren, J., Intermittent administration of inhaled tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. 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Absorção de nutrientes e crescimento do arroz com suprimento combinado de amônio e nitrato¹

O arroz é classificado como uma planta tolerante ao amônio (NH4+) devido à predominância desse íon nos solos alagados. Entretanto, nas regiões oxidadas do solo e da rizosfera do arroz pode haver a formação de nitrato (NO3-) e esta se tornar importante fonte de N para cultura. Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes proporções entre os íons NH4+ e NO3- no desenvolvimento do arroz em solução nutritiva. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação no período de janeiro a fevereiro de 2008, em solução nutritiva com as seguintes proporções entre NH4+ e NO3-: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 e 0:100 na concentração de 5,0 mmol L-1 de N. Foi cultivado o genótipo IRGA 417 e avaliado o rendimento de biomassa, os teores de N, K, Ca e Mg na biomassa e na seiva do xilema. Houve toxidez por NH4+ nas proporções de 100:0 e 75:25 e por NO3- nas proporções de 25:75 e 0:100. Na proporção de 50:50 as plantas se desenvolveram normalmente. O suprimento combinado de NH4+ e NO3- aumentou a produção de biomassa em relação ao NH4+ e ao NO3- supridos isoladamente. O NH 4+ na solução reduziu os teores de Ca e Mg na biomassa, porém não influenciou o teor de N e o de K. Já na seiva do xilema houve redução nos teores de K, Ca e Mg, indicando que o NH4+ influenciou na absorção desses cátions. A quantidade total absorvida de N, K, Mg e Ca foi maior com o suprimento combinado de NH4+ e NO3-, indicando que, além de promover melhor desenvolvimento das plantas de arroz, aumenta a eficiência de absorção de nutrientes em relação ao suprimento isolado das duas formas de N