CMA restricted to mammals and birds: myth or reality?

<p>Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a major pathway of lysosomal proteolysis essential for the control of intermediary metabolism. So far, the absence of any identifiable LAMP2A – a necessary and limiting protein for CMA – outside of the tetrapod clade, led to the paradigm that this cellular function was (presumably) restricted to mammals and birds. However, after we identified expressed sequences displaying high sequence homology with the mammalian <i>LAMP2A</i> in several fish species, our findings challenge that view and suggest that CMA likely appeared much earlier during evolution than initially thought. Hence, our results do not only shed an entirely new light on the evolution of CMA, but also bring new perspectives on the possible use of complementary genetic models, such as zebrafish or medaka for studying CMA function from a comparative angle/view.</p

Overall effect of different rearing temperatures on the masculinization rate in Experiment A (pool of four different <i>mal</i>-carrying progeny).

<p>Panel A: Individual masculinization rates (each individual is considered masculinized when at least one gonad is masculinized) different temperature treatments (8, 12 and 18°C) (in percentage ± Confidence Interval at p = 0.05; χ²; *** p<0.001). Panel B: Masculinization rates of left versus right gonads following different temperature treatments (8, 12 and 18°C) (in percentage ± Confidence Interval at p = 0.05; χ²; *** p<0.001). Numbers of animals analyzed at 8°C n = 357, 12°C n = 386 and 18°C n = 375.</p

Rates of masculinization of the different <i>mal-carrying</i> progeny exposed to different temperatures in experiment A.

<p>Panels A to D: Individual masculinization rates (each individual is considered masculinized when at least one gonad is masculinized) following different temperature treatments (8, 12 and 18°C). Panels E to H: Masculinization rates of left versus right gonads following different temperature treatments (8, 12 and 18°C) (in percentage ± Confidence Interval at p = 0.05%+CI; χ²; * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001). Numbers of animals analyzed at 8, 12 and 18°C, respectively: mal1  = 99, 108 and 99; mal2  = 92, 101 and 101; mal3 = 91, 87 and 85; mal4 = 75, 90 and 90.</p

Effect of temperature treatment on the masculinization rate in Experiment B.

<p>Intersex, male: number of each phenotype in the family; n_T: total number of fish in the family;</p>1<p>χ² test (df = 1) for effect of temperature on total masculinization rate within each family;</p>2<p>results of Glimmix analysis performed with the whole set of data (2 temperatures, 3 families) on the logit scale assigning binary gonadal phenotypes (1 =  intersex or males, 0 =  females) and temperature and family modeled as fixed and random effects respectively.</p><p>Effect of temperature treatment on the masculinization rate in Experiment B.</p

Overall mean frequency of the different gonadal phenotypes according to temperature treatments in experiment A.

1<p>: Glimmix analysis performed with for each phenotype the complete set of data (3 temperatures, 4 families) on the logit scale assigning binary gonadal phenotypes (1 =  individual with the target phenotype, 0 =  other individuals) and temperature and family effects modeled as fixed and random effects respectively. Within line: different subscripts (a, b) indicate significant differences among temperatures for the proportion of the gonadal phenotype (paired comparisons of temperature using Glimmix analysis, <i>P<0.05</i>).</p><p>Overall mean frequency of the different gonadal phenotypes according to temperature treatments in experiment A.</p

Experimental conditions for the common garden experiment A.

<p>Eggs from four <i>mal</i>-carrying progeny were incubated at 10°C until hatching and were then shifted to the 8, 12 or 18°C temperature treatment. At first feeding, the total number of fish per progeny was reduced to 110 and all four progeny were mixed for each temperature condition. At the end of the temperature treatment, the fish were transferred and maintained at 12°C (see the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0113355#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> section for more details).</p

Overall mean survival rates and assignment success according to temperature treatments in experiment A.

<p>* : mortality significantly higher at 8°C (<i>P<0.05</i>).</p><p>Overall mean survival rates and assignment success according to temperature treatments in experiment A.</p

Le Cri du peuple : journal politique quotidien

30 avril 18881888/04/30 (A5,N1645)-1888/04/30

The Galway astronomical Stokes polarimeter: optical development

The acquisition time of astronomical polarimeters has in the past been restricted to by the use of polarimeters utilizing modulated or rotating components [1]. If the polarisation state being measured is changing in the order of nanoseconds, how does one measure this? The Galway Astronomical Stokes Polarimeter (GASP) is an instantaneous full Stokes Division Of Amplitude Polarimeter (DOAP) that has been developed for astronomical imaging polarimetry. It also uses just one camera thus restricting the acquisition time to photon statistics. Following the work of Compain and Drévillon [2], the main component - the Retarding Beam-Splitter, was redesigned and enhanced for imaging use. We present how the polarization and imaging optics were developed to create a broadband imaging instantaneous polarimeter