Applied Plasma Research

Contains reports on two research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant GK-28282X)M. I. T. Lincoln Laboratory Purchase Order No. CC-54

Plasmas and Controlled Nuclear Fusion

Contains reports on eight research projects split into two sections.National Science Foundation (Grant GK-1165

Applied Plasma Research

Contains research objectives, summary of research and reports on three research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant GK-28282X)M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory Purchase Order No. CC-54

Applied Plasma Research

Contains research objectives and reports on three research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant GK-2581)Joint Services Electronics Program under Contract DA 28-043-AMC-02536(E

Plasmas and Controlled Nuclear Fusion

Contains reports on two research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant GK-2581

Applied Plasma Research

Contains research objectives and reports on three research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant GK-10472)Lincoln Laboratory, M. I. T. (P. O. No. A-3393

The emergence of modern statistics in agricultural science : Analysis of variance, experimental design and the reshaping of research at Rothamsted Experimental Station, 1919–1933

During the twentieth century statistical methods have transformed research in the experimental and social sciences. Qualitative evidence has largely been replaced by quantitative results and the tools of statistical inference have helped foster a new ideal of objectivity in scientific knowledge. The paper will investigate this transformation by considering the genesis of analysis of variance and experimental design, statistical methods nowadays taught in every elementary course of statistics for the experimental and social sciences. These methods were developed by the mathematician and geneticist R. A. Fisher during the 1920s, while he was working at Rothamsted Experimental Station, where agricultural research was in turn reshaped by Fisher’s methods. Analysis of variance and experimental design required new practices and instruments in field and laboratory research, and imposed a redistribution of expertise among statisticians, experimental scientists and the farm staff. On the other hand the use of statistical methods in agricultural science called for a systematization of information management and made computing an activity integral to the experimental research done at Rothamsted, permanently integrating the statisticians’ tools and expertise into the station research programme. Fisher’s statistical methods did not remain confined within agricultural research and by the end of the 1950s they had come to stay in psychology, sociology, education, chemistry, medicine, engineering, economics, quality control, just to mention a few of the disciplines which adopted them

Plasmas and Controlled Nuclear Fusion

Contains research objectives and reports on three research projects.National Science Foundation (Grant GK-1165)National Science Foundation (Grant GK-57

Real-time imaging of density ducts between the plasmasphere and ionosphere

Ionization of the Earth's atmosphere by sunlight forms a complex, multilayered plasma environment within the Earth's magnetosphere, the innermost layers being the ionosphere and plasmasphere. The plasmasphere is believed to be embedded with cylindrical density structures (ducts) aligned along the Earth's magnetic field, but direct evidence for these remains scarce. Here we report the first direct wide-angle observation of an extensive array of field-aligned ducts bridging the upper ionosphere and inner plasmasphere, using a novel ground-based imaging technique. We establish their heights and motions by feature tracking and parallax analysis. The structures are strikingly organized, appearing as regularly spaced, alternating tubes of overdensities and underdensities strongly aligned with the Earth's magnetic field. These findings represent the first direct visual evidence for the existence of such structures