222 research outputs found
Symmetry as a sufficient condition for a finite flex
We show that if the joints of a bar and joint framework are
positioned as `generically' as possible subject to given symmetry constraints
and possesses a `fully-symmetric' infinitesimal flex (i.e., the
velocity vectors of the infinitesimal flex remain unaltered under all symmetry
operations of ), then also possesses a finite flex which
preserves the symmetry of throughout the path. This and other related
results are obtained by symmetrizing techniques described by L. Asimov and B.
Roth in their paper `The Rigidity Of Graphs' from 1978 and by using the fact
that the rigidity matrix of a symmetric framework can be transformed into a
block-diagonalized form by means of group representation theory. The finite
flexes that can be detected with these symmetry-based methods can in general
not be found with the analogous non-symmetric methods.Comment: 26 pages, 10 figure
A necessary flexibility condition of a nondegenerate suspension in Lobachevsky 3-space
We show that some combination of the lengths of all edges of the equator of a
flexible suspension in Lobachevsky 3-space is equal to zero (each length is
taken either positive or negative in this combination).Comment: 20 pages, 13 figure
Synthesis and biological activity of α-glucosyl C24:0 and C20:2 ceramides
a-Glucosyl ceramides 4 and 5 have been synthesised and evaluated for their ability to stimulate the activation
and expansion of human iNKT cells. The key challenge in the synthesis of both target molecules was the stereoselective synthesis of the a-glycosidic linkage. Of the methods examined, glycosylation using per-TMS-protected glucosyl iodide 16 was completely a-selective and provided gram quantities of amine 11, from which a-glucosyl ceramides 4 and 5 were obtained by N-acylation. a-GlcCer 4, containing a C24 saturated acyl chain, stimulated a marked proliferation and expansion of human circulating iNKT cells in short-term cultures. a-GlcCer 5, which contains a C20 11,14-cis-diene acyl chain (C20:2),induced extremely similar levels of iNKT cell activation and expansion
The orbit rigidity matrix of a symmetric framework
A number of recent papers have studied when symmetry causes frameworks on a
graph to become infinitesimally flexible, or stressed, and when it has no
impact. A number of other recent papers have studied special classes of
frameworks on generically rigid graphs which are finite mechanisms. Here we
introduce a new tool, the orbit matrix, which connects these two areas and
provides a matrix representation for fully symmetric infinitesimal flexes, and
fully symmetric stresses of symmetric frameworks. The orbit matrix is a true
analog of the standard rigidity matrix for general frameworks, and its analysis
gives important insights into questions about the flexibility and rigidity of
classes of symmetric frameworks, in all dimensions.
With this narrower focus on fully symmetric infinitesimal motions, comes the
power to predict symmetry-preserving finite mechanisms - giving a simplified
analysis which covers a wide range of the known mechanisms, and generalizes the
classes of known mechanisms. This initial exploration of the properties of the
orbit matrix also opens up a number of new questions and possible extensions of
the previous results, including transfer of symmetry based results from
Euclidean space to spherical, hyperbolic, and some other metrics with shared
symmetry groups and underlying projective geometry.Comment: 41 pages, 12 figure
Volumes of polytopes in spaces of constant curvature
We overview the volume calculations for polyhedra in Euclidean, spherical and
hyperbolic spaces. We prove the Sforza formula for the volume of an arbitrary
tetrahedron in and . We also present some results, which provide a
solution for Seidel problem on the volume of non-Euclidean tetrahedron.
Finally, we consider a convex hyperbolic quadrilateral inscribed in a circle,
horocycle or one branch of equidistant curve. This is a natural hyperbolic
analog of the cyclic quadrilateral in the Euclidean plane. We find a few
versions of the Brahmagupta formula for the area of such quadrilateral. We also
present a formula for the area of a hyperbolic trapezoid.Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures, 58 reference
Pressure is not a state function for generic active fluids
Pressure is the mechanical force per unit area that a confined system exerts
on its container. In thermal equilibrium, it depends only on bulk properties
(density, temperature, etc.) through an equation of state. Here we show that in
a wide class of active systems the pressure depends on the precise interactions
between the active particles and the confining walls. In general, therefore,
active fluids have no equation of state, their mechanical pressures exhibit
anomalous properties that defy the familiar thermodynamic reasoning that holds
in equilibrium. The pressure remains a function of state, however, in some
specific and well-studied active models that tacitly restrict the character of
the particle-wall and/or particle-particle interactions.Comment: 8 pages + 9 SI pages, Nature Physics (2015
Topological sound in active-liquid metamaterials
Liquids composed of self-propelled particles have been experimentally
realized using molecular, colloidal, or macroscopic constituents. These active
liquids can flow spontaneously even in the absence of an external drive. Unlike
spontaneous active flow, the propagation of density waves in confined active
liquids is not well explored. Here, we exploit a mapping between density waves
on top of a chiral flow and electrons in a synthetic gauge field to lay out
design principles for artificial structures termed topological active
metamaterials. We design metamaterials that break time-reversal symmetry using
lattices composed of annular channels filled with a spontaneously flowing
active liquid. Such active metamaterials support topologically protected sound
modes that propagate unidirectionally, without backscattering, along either
sample edges or domain walls and despite overdamped particle dynamics. Our work
illustrates how parity-symmetry breaking in metamaterial structure combined
with microscopic irreversibility of active matter leads to novel
functionalities that cannot be achieved using only passive materials
Development of somites and their derivatives in amphioxus, and implications for the evolution of vertebrate somites
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