49 research outputs found

    La progression des femmes dans des postes de direction dans l'administration publique en Tunisie et au Maroc

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    La prĂ©sente thĂšse porte sur la progression des femmes dans des postes de direction dans l'administration publique en Tunisie et au Maroc. La problĂ©matique de dĂ©part vise Ă  identifier comment les femmes parviennent Ă  accĂ©der Ă  des postes de dĂ©cision au sein de l'administration publique en Tunisie et au Maroc dans un contexte oĂč elles sont toujours sous-reprĂ©sentĂ©es. Les considĂ©rations liĂ©es Ă  l'Ă©galitĂ© entre les sexes, aux politiques mises de l'avant par les organismes internationaux, Ă  la participation des femmes Ă  la gouvernance, Ă  l'accroissement de la prĂ©sence des femmes dans diffĂ©rents domaines d'activitĂ©s et aux rĂ©alitĂ©s vĂ©cues par les femmes en Tunisie et au Maroc constituent le point de dĂ©part de cette recherche. En tenant compte des diverses perspectives thĂ©oriques de recherche qui prĂ©sentent les barriĂšres individuelles, structurelles et culturelles qui expliquent la persistance du plafond de verre, des Ă©tudes portant sur les femmes qui ont connu du succĂšs dans leur carriĂšre et de diffĂ©rents modĂšles de dĂ©terminants de carriĂšre, cette recherche a principalement comme objectif d'identifier les facteurs qui dĂ©terminent ou contraignent le cheminement de carriĂšre des femmes gestionnaires dans des postes de direction dans l'administration publique en Tunisie et au Maroc. Cette recherche a identifiĂ© les acteurs, les dĂ©terminants et les stratĂ©gies liĂ©es Ă  la progression de carriĂšre des femmes tunisiennes et marocaines dans des postes de dĂ©cision dans l'administration publique. Ces rĂ©sultats ont Ă©tĂ© recueillis lors d'une Ă©tude de type qualitative rĂ©alisĂ©e par le biais d'une enquĂȘte auprĂšs de femmes qui dĂ©tiennent des postes de dĂ©cision au sein de l'administration publique tunisienne et marocaine. Un modĂšle a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© spĂ©cifiquement pour la prĂ©sente recherche afin de servir de cadre thĂ©orique. Celle-ci montre que cette progression s'inscrit Ă  l'intĂ©rieur de plusieurs perspectives de recherche et qu'elle est particuliĂšrement influencĂ©e par le contexte (acteurs) et les diverses stratĂ©gies dĂ©ployĂ©es par les femmes pour progresser dans leur carriĂšre. Globalement, les rĂ©sultats de recherche mettent de l'avant ces diffĂ©rents acteurs et les facteurs dĂ©terminants et contraignants qui s'y dĂ©gagent par ordre dĂ©croissant. PremiĂšrement, ils montrent une influence importante de l'État (volontĂ© politique, cadre lĂ©gal, mesures spĂ©cifiques pour les femmes et la famille, accĂšs des filles Ă  l'Ă©ducation et avĂšnement des femmes sur le marchĂ© du travail), celle-ci Ă©tant liĂ©e Ă  la participation des femmes au dĂ©veloppement et Ă  la gouvernance. DeuxiĂšmement, ils montrent une influence des diffĂ©rents acteurs de la sociĂ©tĂ© civile (rĂŽles et responsabilitĂ©s familiales, soutien des parents, attitudes liĂ©es au sexe, relation avec les enfants, support du conjoint, culture de revendication Ă©tatique et structures d'accueil pour la famille), celle-ci Ă©tant liĂ©e aux Ă©tudes sur les femmes ayant connu du succĂšs dans leur carriĂšre. TroisiĂšmement, ils montrent l'influence de l'administration publique (attitudes envers les femmes, pratiques de conciliation travail-famille, pratiques de gestion des ressources humaines, rĂŽle des supĂ©rieurs et relations avec les collĂšgues), celle-ci Ă©tant liĂ©e aux Ă©crits portant sur les perceptives structurelle et culturelle. Enfin, ils montrent l'influence de la culture et des organismes internationaux sur la progression de carriĂšre des femmes, celle-ci Ă©tant liĂ©e aux Ă©tudes issues de la littĂ©rature portant sur la sociĂ©tĂ© patriarcale. Les rĂ©sultats montrent aussi les stratĂ©gies adoptĂ©es par les femmes pour progresser dans leur carriĂšre (primautĂ© de la compĂ©tence, niveau de scolaritĂ©, participation Ă  des rĂ©seaux et Ă  la vie associative, gestion de la vie familiale, vision diffĂ©rente de l'organisation du travail, appui de mentors et de supĂ©rieurs hiĂ©rarchiques, solidaritĂ© fĂ©minine, relever des dĂ©fis significatifs et vision non fĂ©ministe). Ces rĂ©sultats s'inscrivent dans les travaux portant sur les femmes qui ont connu du succĂšs dans leur carriĂšre, particuliĂšrement ceux qui ont trait Ă  la perspective individuelle, ainsi que ceux qui mettent l'accent sur les stratĂ©gies adoptĂ©es par les femmes gestionnaires selon l'influence du contexte organisationnel. Finalement, la recherche met de l'avant un nouveau schĂ©ma intĂ©grateur qui illustre l'influence de l'approche systĂ©mique sur la progression de carriĂšre des femmes selon les diffĂ©rents acteurs prĂ©sents en Tunisie et au Maroc, la prĂ©sence de stratĂ©gies adoptĂ©es par les femmes gestionnaires selon une approche basĂ©e sur le changement et l'enracinement de la progression de carriĂšre dans le contexte spĂ©cifique aux femmes tunisiennes et marocaines. Ce schĂ©ma permet de dresser diffĂ©rentes pistes de recherche pour les femmes qui occupent des postes de dĂ©cision au sein de l'administration publique tunisienne et marocaine et quelques pistes de travail pour les gouvernements de la Tunisie et du Maroc ainsi que pour les organismes internationaux qui Ɠuvrent dans ce domaine. Les pistes de recherche concernent plus particuliĂšrement les stratĂ©gies mises de l'avant par les femmes gestionnaires, la connaissance du contexte organisationnel et la conciliation travail-famille alors que les pistes d'action suggĂšrent de dresser la toile de fond composĂ©e d'Ă©lĂ©ments variĂ©s et complexes, de rechercher les points de convergence et d'Ă©viter les considĂ©rations prescriptives

    Phosphodiesterase Type 4D Gene Polymorphism: Association with the Response to Short-Acting Bronchodilators in Paediatric Asthma Patients

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    Short-acting b2-adrenergic receptor agonists are commonly used bronchodilators for symptom relief in asthmatics. The aim of this study was to test whether genetic variants in PDE4D gene, a key regulator of b2-adrenoceptor-induced cAMP turnover in airway smooth muscle cells, affect the response to short-acting b2-agonists. Bronchodilator responsiveness was assessed in 133 asthmatic children by % change in baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) after administration of albuterol. The analyses were performed in patients with airway obstruction (FEV1/FVC ratio below 90%, n = 93). FEV1  % change adjusted for baseline FEV1 values was significantly different between genotypes of rs1544791 G/A polymorphism (P = 0.006) and −1345 C/T (rs1504982) promoter variation (P = 0.03). The association remained significant with inclusion of age, sex, atopy, and controller medication into multivariate model (P = 0.004 and P = 0.02, resp.). Our work identifies new genetic variants implicated in modulation of asthma treatment, one of them (rs1544791) previously associated with asthma phenotype

    Clinical Study Phosphodiesterase Type 4D Gene Polymorphism: Association with the Response to Short-Acting Bronchodilators in Paediatric Asthma Patients

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    Short-acting b2-adrenergic receptor agonists are commonly used bronchodilators for symptom relief in asthmatics. The aim of this study was to test whether genetic variants in PDE4D gene, a key regulator of b2-adrenoceptor-induced cAMP turnover in airway smooth muscle cells, affect the response to short-acting b2-agonists. Bronchodilator responsiveness was assessed in 133 asthmatic children by % change in baseline forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) after administration of albuterol. The analyses were performed in patients with airway obstruction (FEV 1 /FVC ratio below 90%, n = 93). FEV 1 % change adjusted for baseline FEV 1 values was significantly different between genotypes of rs1544791 G/A polymorphism (P = 0.006) and −1345 C/T (rs1504982) promoter variation (P = 0.03). The association remained significant with inclusion of age, sex, atopy, and controller medication into multivariate model (P = 0.004 and P = 0.02, resp.). Our work identifies new genetic variants implicated in modulation of asthma treatment, one of them (rs1544791) previously associated with asthma phenotype

    A conceptual framework for interprofessional shared decision making in home care: Protocol for a feasibility study

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Shared decision making (SDM) is fundamental to informed consent and client-centered care. So far, SDM frameworks have been limited to the client-physician dyad, even though care is increasingly delivered by interprofessional (IP) teams. IP collaboration is especially essential in home care, one of health care's most rapidly growing areas. This study will assess whether it is possible to practice SDM in IP home care.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>We will use a qualitative case study and a quantitative survey to capture the macro, meso and micro levels of stakeholders in home care. The case study will follow the knowledge-to-action process framework to evaluate the work of an IP home care team at a Quebec City health center. Sources of data will include one-on-one interviews with patients, family caregivers or surrogates and significant others, and administrators; a focus group of home care health professionals; organizational documents; and government policies and standards. The interview guide for the interviews and the focus group will explore current practices and clinical problems addressed in home care; factors that could influence the implementation of the proposed IP approach to SDM; the face and content validity of the approach; and interventions to facilitate the implementation and evaluation of the approach. The survey will ask 300 health professionals working in home care at the health center to complete a questionnaire based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour that measures their intentions to engage in an IP approach to SDM. We will use our analysis of the individual interviews, the focus group and the survey to elaborate a toolkit for implementing an IP approach to SDM in home care. Finally, we will conduct a pilot study in Alberta to assess the transferability of our findings.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>We believe that developing tools to implement IP SDM in home care is essential to strengthening Canada's healthcare system and furthering patient-centered care. This study will contribute to the evaluation of IP SDM delivery models in home care. It will also generate practical, policy-oriented knowledge regarding the barriers and facilitators likely to influence the practice of IP SDM in home care.</p

    Association of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor Genes with Hodgkin's Lymphoma in a Familial Study

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    BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the major environmental factor associated with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), a common lymphoma in young adults. Natural killer (NK) cells are key actors of the innate immune response against viruses. The regulation of NK cell function involves activating and inhibitory Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), which are expressed in variable numbers on NK cells. Various viral and virus-related malignant disorders have been associated with the presence/absence of certain KIR genes in case/control studies. We investigated the role of the KIR cluster in HL in a family-based association study. METHODOLOGY: We included 90 families with 90 HL index cases (age 16–35 years) and 255 first-degree relatives (parents and siblings). We developed a procedure for reconstructing full genotypic information (number of gene copies) at each KIR locus from the standard KIR gene content. Out of the 90 collected families, 84 were informative and suitable for further analysis. An association study was then carried out with specific family-based analysis methods on these 84 families. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Five KIR genes in strong linkage disequilibrium were found significantly associated with HL. Refined haplotype analysis showed that the association was supported by a dominant protective effect of KIR3DS1 and/or KIR2DS1, both of which are activating receptors. The odds ratios for developing HL in subjects with at least one copy of KIR3DS1 or KIR2DS1 with respect to subjects with neither of these genes were 0.44[95% confidence interval 0.23–0.85] and 0.42[0.21–0.85], respectively. No significant association was found in a tentative replication case/control study of 68 HL cases (age 18–71 years). In the familial study, the protective effect of KIR3DS1/KIR2DS1 tended to be stronger in HL patients with detectable EBV in blood or tumour cells. CONCLUSIONS: This work defines a template for family-based association studies based on full genotypic information for the KIR cluster, and provides the first evidence that activating KIRs can have a protective role in HL

    Peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and infants: NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe: A prospective European multicentre observational study

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    BACKGROUND: Little is known about current clinical practice concerning peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and small infants. Guidelines suggest transfusions based on haemoglobin thresholds ranging from 8.5 to 12 g dl-1, distinguishing between children from birth to day 7 (week 1), from day 8 to day 14 (week 2) or from day 15 (≄week 3) onwards. OBJECTIVE: To observe peri-operative red blood cell transfusion practice according to guidelines in relation to patient outcome. DESIGN: A multicentre observational study. SETTING: The NEonate-Children sTudy of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE) trial recruited patients up to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age undergoing anaesthesia for surgical or diagnostic procedures from 165 centres in 31 European countries between March 2016 and January 2017. PATIENTS: The data included 5609 patients undergoing 6542 procedures. Inclusion criteria was a peri-operative red blood cell transfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the haemoglobin level triggering a transfusion for neonates in week 1, week 2 and week 3. Secondary endpoints were transfusion volumes, 'delta haemoglobin' (preprocedure - transfusion-triggering) and 30-day and 90-day morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Peri-operative red blood cell transfusions were recorded during 447 procedures (6.9%). The median haemoglobin levels triggering a transfusion were 9.6 [IQR 8.7 to 10.9] g dl-1 for neonates in week 1, 9.6 [7.7 to 10.4] g dl-1 in week 2 and 8.0 [7.3 to 9.0] g dl-1 in week 3. The median transfusion volume was 17.1 [11.1 to 26.4] ml kg-1 with a median delta haemoglobin of 1.8 [0.0 to 3.6] g dl-1. Thirty-day morbidity was 47.8% with an overall mortality of 11.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate lower transfusion-triggering haemoglobin thresholds in clinical practice than suggested by current guidelines. The high morbidity and mortality of this NECTARINE sub-cohort calls for investigative action and evidence-based guidelines addressing peri-operative red blood cell transfusions strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02350348

    How to Encourage Inclusion in a Qualitative Research Project Using a Design-Based Research Methodology

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    Many issues and challenges face research design and research teams that want to become more inclusive, especially in large-scale research projects involving many stakeholders. This article explores an approach called Design-Based Research (DBR). DBR has been widely used in education for several years; it emphasizes collaboration with the community and takes the context of participants into consideration. DBR is transposable to other disciplines and is intended to be inclusive of the diverse stakeholders involved in a research project. For instance, in an ongoing research project about unconscious bias and inclusive behaviors, it takes into account all stakeholders’ needs and involves them in all stages of the research, which is taking place in a real-world context rather than a laboratory. The aim of this article is to better understand how the DBR methodology enables the inclusion of historically marginalized groups and how it is applied in the field. This exploratory article will present an example of an ongoing research project using the DBR methodology to show how this approach can be more inclusive than experimental approaches. This exploration reveals the positive impact of DBR in implementing solutions that can help reduce inequalities and power relationships. It also reveals the complexity of conducting qualitative research in a social laboratory. In particular, it takes into account the specificity of each historically marginalized group, from an intersectional perspective, the difficulty of operating within a process where not everything is determined in advance, and the need for a researcher specializing in DBR. It is important to allow sufficient time and financial resources at each stage to recognize the involvement of community organizations. The tools and knowledge generated by this type of research project will be useful for other organizations and future research

    Changements et rĂ©sistances en matiĂšre d’institutionnalisation de l’égalitĂ© entre les sexes : le cas du Maroc

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    Partant d’un cas concret d’institutionnalisation de l’égalitĂ© entre les sexes mis en place par l’Agence canadienne de dĂ©veloppement international (ACDI) dans trois ministĂšres du Maroc, cet article examine les facteurs qui contribuent Ă  son implantation ou qui, au contraire, la freinent. Les rĂ©sultats indiquent que, malgrĂ© l’adoption de plans d’action concernant l’institutionnalisation de l’égalitĂ© entre les sexes, celle-ci se heurte Ă  des rĂ©sistances liĂ©es au systĂšme social, Ă  la culture organisationnelle et au mode d’implantation du changement. PrivilĂ©giant la dimension technique de l’institutionnalisation de l’égalitĂ© entre les sexes, pour l’essentiel articulĂ©e autour d’études sur les inĂ©galitĂ©s, de crĂ©ation de structures organisationnelles et d’activitĂ©s de formation, les projets Ă©tudiĂ©s tendent Ă  nĂ©gliger la dimension culturelle du changement, au risque de s’éloigner des besoins et des rĂ©alitĂ©s des organisations locales et, par lĂ , de restreindre les possibilitĂ©s de stratĂ©gies proprement participatives et endogĂšnes.Using a real case of gender mainstreaming carried out by CIDA in three ministries of Morocco, this article examines the factors that have contributed to, or to the contrary hindered, its implementation. The results show that, despite the adoption of gender mainstreaming plans, it has come up against resistance linked to the social system, the organizational culture and the mode of change implementation. Giving priority to the technical aspect of gender mainstreaming, structured essentially on studies of the inequalities, creation of organizational structures and training activities, the examined projects tend to ignore the cultural aspect of change, at the risk of moving away from the needs and realities of the local organizations and in so doing, limit the purely participative and endogenous strategic possibilities
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