The Birth of Musicology from the Spirit of Evolution: Ernst Haeckel's Entwicklungslehre as Central Component of Guido Adler's Methodology for Musicology

Between about 1860 and the first world war, musicology became an academic discipline, practiced by scholars and supported by the university infrastructure. The decisive methodological change that allowed for this transition from mostly private scholarship to "academicization" was the declared adoption of the scientific method, especially in German-language music research. Among other "music scientists" like Hermann von Helmholtz and Friedrich Chrysander, the Viennese musicologist Guido Adler (1855-1941) is particularly important because, in 1885, he codified the research methods of this new academic discipline in the article "Umfang, Methode und Ziel der Musikwissenschaft" (The Scope, Method, and Aim of Music Science). Adler's methodological proposals have shaped musicological research habits since, perhaps most famously by separating what he calls "historical" and "systematic" musicologies. While his painting musicology as a science—and therefore as worthy of inclusion in the academy—was successful, Adler's scientific inspiration for this methodological move has been obscured, partly because the later incarnations of his methodology—like style criticism—drew heavily on contemporary art history rather than on any model from the natural sciences.In this dissertation, I show that Adler's initial methodological stimulus derived from biology, and in that discipline from a restructuring of research methods in the wake of Charles Darwin's proposal of evolution by natural selection. Adler was aware of Darwin's achievements but his direct sources of biological information were popular and scholarly publications by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919). Copied passages from one of Haeckel's early articles are preserved in Adler's hand, he was friends with several of Haeckel's students, and—most importantly—his early methodology resembles strongly Haeckel's methodological suggestions for biology. Adler's early musicology was conceived in the spirit of evolution, which promised natural scientists an empirically valid way of reconstructing history by comparative, systematic study. This dissertation demonstrates on what biographical grounds and through which methodical conceits Adler transformed Haeckel's biology into a working model for musicological research

Remembrances of Ritornellos Past: Listening, Memory, Meaning

Recent approaches to ritornello structure in J. S. Bach's Brandenburg Concertos have stressed the importance of the Baroque compositional technique of Fortspinnung. Yet, the examination of what a listener remembers of the music shows that the Fortspinnung sections seemingly do not play a role in how the music is remembered. This discrepancy suggests a closer look at how precisely musical data are dealt with by memory and how their interaction with other fields of musical activity, for example, the use of terminology (the term "ritornello" and the concepts of "ritornello structure" and "ritornello process"), influences memorization and remembrance of music.In this inquiry, I have chosen not to take the metaphorical stance towards memory often adapted by musicologists; rather, I borrow information about the workings of memory from the more mechanistic accounts of experimental neuropsychology, specifically research into the remembrance of word lists. Since neuropsychology and musicology are not immediately compatible, I use semiotics as a "bridge discipline" between the two.After advocating research into music listening habits in general and defining listening as the conceptualization of heard sounds through memory, I demonstrate the divergence of predictions in ritornello theory and the actual mnemonic practice of listeners. I introduce paradigmatic analysis as a means of graphic representation and Peirce's trichotomy of icon, index, and symbol as philosophical corollaries of observable effects in word list memory. At various stages of the study, references to the structure and process in BWV 1046/1 are provided as examples for the application of the gained insights

Drittortauseinandersetzungen im Rahmen von Fußballspielen - am Beispiel der Fanszene von Rot-Weiss Essen

Ein immer größer werdender Teil der gewalttätigen Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Fußballfans findet abseits der Fußballstadien statt. Diese Drittortauseinandersetzungen ereignen sich nicht nur auf den Reisewegen der Fans oder in den Innenstädten der Spielorte, sondern vermehrt auch völlig losgelöst von den Spieltagen. Neben einer Differenzierung der unterschiedlichen Auseinandersetzungsformen geht der Autor vor diesem Hintergrund anhand erstmals durchgeführter qualitativer Interviews mit verschiedenen Fangruppen der Frage nach, was die Gründe für die jeweiligen Teilnahmen sind. Zudem setzt er sich ausgiebig mit den Auswirkungen der Präventivmaßnahmen zur Gewaltverhinderung auseinander und zeigt auf, wie die Akzeptanz und Wirksamkeit der einzelnen Maßnahmen in Fankreisen eingeschätzt werden

Entanglement dynamics in a non-Markovian environment: an exactly solvable model

We study the non-Markovian effects on the dynamics of entanglement in an exactly-solvable model that involves two independent oscillators each coupled to its own stochastic noise source. First, we develop Lie algebraic and functional integral methods to find an exact solution to the single-oscillator problem which includes an analytic expression for the density matrix and the complete statistics, i.e., the probability distribution functions for observables. For long bath time-correlations, we see non-monotonic evolution of the uncertainties in observables. Further, we extend this exact solution to the two-particle problem and find the dynamics of entanglement in a subspace. We find the phenomena of `sudden death' and `rebirth' of entanglement. Interestingly, all memory effects enter via the functional form of the energy and hence the time of death and rebirth is controlled by the amount of noisy energy added into each oscillator. If this energy increases above (decreases below) a threshold, we obtain sudden death (rebirth) of entanglement.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figures; revision for PR

Heat Transfer Measurements on Surfaces with Natural Ice Castings and Modeled Roughness

An experimental method is described to measure and compare the convective heat transfer coefficient of natural and simulated ice accretion roughness and to provide a rational means for determining accretion-related enhanced heat transfer coefficients. The natural ice accretion roughness was a sample casting made from accretions at the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel (IRT). One of these castings was modeled using a Spectral Estimation Technique (SET) to produce three roughness elements patterns that simulate the actual accretion. All four samples were tested in a flat-plate boundary layer at angle of attack in a "dry" wind tunnel test. The convective heat transfer coefficient was measured using infrared thermography. It is shown that, dispite some problems in the current data set, the method does show considerable promise in determining roughness-induced heat transfer coefficients, and that, in addition to the roughness height and spacing in the flow direction, the concentration and spacing of elements in the spanwise direction are important parameters

A review of volatiles in the Martian interior

Multiple observations from missions to Mars have revealed compelling evidence for a volatile-rich Martian crust. A leading theory contends that eruption of basaltic magmas was the ultimate mechanism of transfer of volatiles from the mantle toward the surface after an initial outgassing related to the crystallization of a magma ocean. However, the concentrations of volatile species in ascending magmas and in their mantle source regions are highly uncertain. This work and this special issue of Meteoritics & Planetary Science summarize the key findings of the workshop on Volatiles in the Martian Interior (Nov. 3–4, 2014), the primary open questions related to volatiles in Martian magmas and their source regions, and the suggestions of the community at the workshop to address these open questions

Optimal combinations of imperfect objects

We address the question of how to make best use of imperfect objects, such as defective analog and digital components. We show that perfect, or near-perfect, devices can be constructed by taking combinations of such defects. Any remaining objects can be recycled efficiently. In addition to its practical applications, our `defect combination problem' provides a novel generalization of classical optimization problems.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, minor change

Pilot study of antibodies against varicella zoster virus and human immunodeficiency virus in relation to the risk of developing stroke, nested within a rural cohort in Uganda

OBJECTIVE: The risk of stroke rises after episodes of herpes zoster and chickenpox, which are caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV). We conducted a pilot case-control study of stroke, nested within a long-standing cohort in Uganda (the General Population Cohort), to examine antibodies against VZV prior to diagnosis. METHODS: We used stored sera to examine the evolution of IgG and IgM antibodies against VZV among 31 clinically confirmed cases of stroke and 132 matched controls. For each participant, three samples of sera were identified: one each, taken at or near the time of (pseudo)diagnosis, between 5 and 10 years prior to diagnosis and at 15 years prior to diagnosis. RESULTS: All participants had detectable antibodies against VZV, but there were no significant differences between cases and controls in the 15 years prior to diagnosis. As a secondary finding, 16% (5/31) of cases and 6% (8/132) of controls had HIV (OR 3.0; 95% CI 0.8-10.1; P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first prospective study to examine a biological measure of exposure to VZV prior to diagnosis of stroke and although we identified no significant association, in this small pilot, with limited characterisation of cases, we cannot exclude the possibility that the virus is causal for a subset. The impact of HIV on risk of stroke has not been well characterised and warrants further study