903 research outputs found
Optimal input states and feedback for interferometric phase estimation
We derive optimal N-photon two-mode input states for interferometric phase measurements. Under canonical measurements the phase variance scales as N-2 for these states, as compared to N-1 or N-1/2 for states considered bq previous authors. We prove, that it is not possible to realize the canonical measurement by counting photons in the outputs of the interferometer, even if an adjustable auxiliary phase shift is allowed in the interferometer. However. we introduce a feedback algorithm based on Bayesian inference to control this auxiliary phase shift. This makes the measurement close to a canonical one, with a phase variance scaling slightly above N-2. With no feedback, the best result (given that the phase to be measured is completely unknown) is a scaling of N-1. For optimal input states having up to four photons, our feedback scheme is the best possible one, but for higher photon numbers more complicated schemes perform marginally better
A rapid synthesis of evidence on whole systems approaches to obesity prevention to inform policy
© 2023 The Author(s) . Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Public Health Association. This is an open-access meeting abstract distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Peer reviewe
The Flux Variability of Markarian 501 in Very High Energy Gamma Rays
The BL Lacertae object Markarian 501 was identified as a source of gamma-ray
emission at the Whipple Observatory in March 1995. Here we present a flux
variability analysis on several times-scales of the 233 hour data set
accumulated over 213 nights (from March 1995 to July 1998) with the Whipple
Observatory 10 m atmospheric Cherenkov imaging telescope. In 1995, with the
exception of a single night, the flux from Markarian 501 was constant on daily
and monthly time-scales and had an average flux of only 10% that of the Crab
Nebula, making it the weakest VHE source detected to date. In 1996, the average
flux was approximately twice the 1995 flux and showed significant
month-to-month variability. No significant day-scale variations were detected.
The average gamma-ray flux above ~350 GeV in the 1997 observing season rose to
1.4 times that of the Crab Nebula -- 14 times the 1995 discovery level --
allowing a search for variability on time-scales shorter than one day.
Significant hour-scale variability was present in the 1997 data, with the
shortest, observed on MJD 50607, having a doubling time of ~2 hours. In 1998
the average emission level decreased considerably from that of 1997 (to ~20% of
the Crab Nebula flux) but two significant flaring events were observed. Thus,
the emission from Markarian 501 shows large amplitude and rapid flux
variability at very high energies as does Markarian 421. It also shows large
mean flux level variations on year-to-year time-scales, behaviour which has not
been seen from Markarian 421 so far.Comment: 19 pages, 3 figures, to appear in ApJ, June 20, 1999, Vol. 518 #
The EU and Asia within an evolving global order: what is Europe? Where is Asia?
The papers in this special edition are a very small selection from those presented at the EU-NESCA (Network of European Studies Centres in Asia) conference on "the EU and East Asia within an Evolving Global Order: Ideas, Actors and Processes" in November 2008 in Brussels. The conference was the culmination of three years of research activity involving workshops and conferences bringing together scholars from both regions primarily to discuss relations between Europe and Asia, perceptions of Europe in Asia, and the relationship between the European regional project and emerging regional forms in Asia. But although this was the last of the three major conferences organised by the consortium, it in many ways represented a starting point rather than the end; an opportunity to reflect on the conclusions of the first phase of collaboration and point towards new and continuing research agendas for the future
Entropic uncertainty relations for extremal unravelings of super-operators
A way to pose the entropic uncertainty principle for trace-preserving
super-operators is presented. It is based on the notion of extremal unraveling
of a super-operator. For given input state, different effects of each
unraveling result in some probability distribution at the output. As it is
shown, all Tsallis' entropies of positive order as well as some of Renyi's
entropies of this distribution are minimized by the same unraveling of a
super-operator. Entropic relations between a state ensemble and the generated
density matrix are revisited in terms of both the adopted measures. Using
Riesz's theorem, we obtain two uncertainty relations for any pair of
generalized resolutions of the identity in terms of the Renyi and Tsallis
entropies. The inequality with Renyi's entropies is an improvement of the
previous one, whereas the inequality with Tsallis' entropies is a new relation
of a general form. The latter formulation is explicitly shown for a pair of
complementary observables in a -level system and for the angle and the
angular momentum. The derived general relations are immediately applied to
extremal unravelings of two super-operators.Comment: 8 pages, one figure. More explanations are given for Eq. (2.19) and
Example III.5. One reference is adde
TeV Observations of the Variability and Spectrum of Markarian 501
Markarian 501 is only the second extragalactic source to be detected with
high statistical certainty at TeV energies; it is similar in many ways to
Markarian 421. The Whipple Observatory gamma-ray telescope has been used to
observe the AGN Markarian 501 in 1996 and 1997, the years subsequent to its
initial detection. The apparent variability on the one-day time-scale observed
in TeV gamma rays in 1995 is confirmed and compared with the variability in
Markarian 421. Observations at X-ray and optical wavelengths from 1997 are also
presented.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, to appear in proceedings of 25th ICRC (Durban
Tev Observations of the Variability and Spectrum of Markarian 421
Markarian 421 was the first extragalactic source to be detected with high
statistical certainty at TeV energies. The Whipple Observatory gamma-ray
telescope has been used to observe the Active Galactic Nucleus, Markarian 421
in 1996 and 1997. The rapid variability observed in TeV gamma rays in previous
years is confirmed. Doubling times as short as 15 minutes are reported with
flux levels reaching 15 photons per minute. The TeV energy spectrum is derived
using two independent methods. The implications for the intergalactic infra-red
medium of an observed unbroken power law spectrum up to energies of 5 TeV is
discussed.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, to appear in proceedings of 25 ICRC (Durban
The Effect of an Augmented Commercial Weight Loss Program on Increasing Physical Activity and Reducing Psychological Distress in Women with Overweight or Obesity: a Clustered Randomised Controlled Trial.
The politics of Chinese trade and the Asian financial crises : questioning the wisdom of export-led growth
Between 1987 and 1996 Chinese exports increased by an average of 14% each year. During this decade, export growth became a crucial determinant of overall economic growth. However, as a consequence of the East Asian financial crises, Chinese export growth slowed, threatening the successful implementation of plans to restructure the domestic Chinese economy. This paper traces the reasons for the rapid growth and subsequent slowing of Chinese exports, and asks whether the strategy provides a solid basis for the long term development of the Chinese economy. In particular, the paper focuses on the role and significance of the processing trade in boosting Chinese exports. The high proportion of imported components in processed exports questions whether China is really benefiting as much from export growth as aggregate trade figures seem to suggest
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