‘Before University’ provision : enterprise education through the school curriculum

In this chapter the authors focus on enterprise education students experience before university. We consider the current state of play in English secondary schools, where a national programme situates enterprise as an extra-curricular, competitive activity. We question this narrow and counter-productive approach and provide evidence from a 2017 research project in which we worked with secondary educators and school leaders to explore policy and identify practices which teachers could enact through the curriculum. Our experience highlights that it is fruitful to create a space for debate about enterprise provision before university, and work with schools to develop enterprise in nuanced ways which can enhance subject learning and better reflect how enterprise works in practice.Peer reviewe

Fabrication of tungsten wire reinforced nickel-base alloy composites

Fabrication methods for tungsten fiber reinforced nickel-base superalloy composites were investigated. Three matrix alloys in pre-alloyed powder or rolled sheet form were evaluated in terms of fabricability into composite monotape and multi-ply forms. The utility of monotapes for fabricating more complex shapes was demonstrated. Preliminary 1093C (2000F) stress rupture tests indicated that efficient utilization of fiber strength was achieved in composites fabricated by diffusion bonding processes. The fabrication of thermal fatigue specimens is also described

Participation-focussed evaluation: Impact on practice

Evaluation is a keystone in the process of rehabilitation that is used to plan and monitor holistic, client-centred, goal-directed programs. However, many common assessment tools do not fit well with the specific expertise of occupational therapists (OTs). Dynamic assessment uses interactions with clients as a context to both observe current performance and test possibilities for intervention. In this way, OTs may substantiate their clinical reasoning. Methods. This study aimed to examine OTs’ implementation of a dynamic assessment of participation called COMPLEAT©. Participants were 14 OTs with varied experience, and 29 of their younger adult (<65 years) clients with diverse aetiologies and sequelae of brain injury. Data were collected from multiple sources in a process from introducing the OTs to COMPLEAT© and providing basic training, to interpreting their observations. Two phases of analyses examined the sociocultural influences on the implementation of COMPLEAT©, and the strategies used with clients of varying levels of participation restriction. Results. From a sociocultural perspective, the OTs (i) facilitated their clients’ participation through both direct responses and enabling environmental supports, (ii) brought to the process experiences and views on working with clients and using standardised assessments, and (iii) utilised COMPLEAT© according to their roles and experience. Overall, they facilitated participation using complex combinations of responses according to clients’ levels of participation restriction. Conclusions. Dynamic assessment, and COMPLEAT© in particular, has application to substantiating OTs’ clinical reasoning and expertise in participation. With this evidence, OTs might promote a focus on participation within their rehabilitation teams, consolidate their teams’ perceptions of their roles, and further develop assessments that support the planning and implementation of interventions consistent with the theoretical foundations of OT

Structural and mechanical effects of interstitial sinks

Changes in structure and mechanical properties due to loss of interstitials to reactive metal coatings studied in dispersion strengthened niobium alloy

Evaluation of coatings for cobalt- and nickel-base superalloys, volume 2

The final results of an oxidation-reduction rig evaluation of aluminide coatings are presented, as applied to 1N-100 and B1900 nickel-base and X-10 and WI-52 cobalt-base alloys. Burner rigs were used which operated on JP-5 fuel and air, producing a gas velocity of 0.85 (2000 to 2500 ft/sec) at the specimen's leading edge. One-hour heating cycles were used with three minutes of air blast cooling. Results of testing at temperatures ranging from T sub max of 1850 to 2050 F indicate that coated B1900 has the longest oxidation life at all temperatures, followed by IN-100X-40WI-52, based on a weight change criterion. Coatings on nickel-base alloys provided more than twice the life of coating on cobalt-base alloys at comparable temperatures. The coatings with higher aluminum content and comparable thickness had longer lives. Silicon appeared to be a beneficial additive in the nickel-base alloy coatings for long term, low temperature life, but not for short term, high temperature performance. Chromium was identified in all coatings. Extrapolating the life results obtained to 1600 F, all the selected coatings on the four alloys would be protective for at least 10,000 hours

Risk Models for Breast Cancer and Their Validation.

Strategies to prevent cancer and diagnose it early when it is most treatable are needed to reduce the public health burden from rising disease incidence. Risk assessment is playing an increasingly important role in targeting individuals in need of such interventions. For breast cancer many individual risk factors have been well understood for a long time, but the development of a fully comprehensive risk model has not been straightforward, in part because there have been limited data where joint effects of an extensive set of risk factors may be estimated with precision. In this article we first review the approach taken to develop the IBIS (Tyrer-Cuzick) model, and describe recent updates. We then review and develop methods to assess calibration of models such as this one, where the risk of disease allowing for competing mortality over a long follow-up time or lifetime is estimated. The breast cancer risk model model and calibration assessment methods are demonstrated using a cohort of 132,139 women attending mammography screening in the State of Washington, USA

Use of the concordance index for predictors of censored survival data.

The concordance index is often used to measure how well a biomarker predicts the time to an event. Estimators of the concordance index for predictors of right-censored data are reviewed, including those based on censored pairs, inverse probability weighting and a proportional-hazards model. Predictive and prognostic biomarkers often lose strength with time, and in this case the aforementioned statistics depend on the length of follow up. A semi-parametric estimator of the concordance index is developed that accommodates converging hazards through a single parameter in a Pareto model. Concordance index estimators are assessed through simulations, which demonstrate substantial bias of classical censored-pairs and proportional-hazards model estimators. Prognostic biomarkers in a cohort of women diagnosed with breast cancer are evaluated using new and classical estimators of the concordance index.This work was funded by Cancer Research UK (grant number C569/A16891)