Tradisi panangat pra nikah oleh wali perempuan dalam perspektif hukum Islam: studi kasus di Desa Sadulang Kecamatan Sapeken Kabupaten Sumenep

Skripsi dengan judul “Tradisi Panangat Pra Nikah Oleh Wali Perempuan Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam (Studi Kasus di Desa Sadulang Kecamatan Sapeken Kabupaten Sumenep. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab pertanyaan: 1. Bagaimana tradisi panangat pra nikah oleh wali perempuan dalam di Desa Sadulang Kecamatan Sapeken Kabupaten Sumenep? 2. Bagaimana analisis hukum Islam terhadap tradisi panangat pra nikah oleh wali perempuan di Desa Sadulang Kecamatan Sapeken Kabupaten Sumenep? Jenis penelitian ini adalah dengan menggunakan metode penelitian lapangan, yaitu sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan secara langsung terhadap peristiwa data-data ada di lapangan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang penulis gunakan adalah wawancara. Setelah data terkumpul, maka penulis melakukan analisis dengan metode analisis kualitatif. Dari data-data yang telah diperoleh, pemberian panangat ini telah dilakukan oleh masyarakat Desa Sadulang sudah menjadi turun-temurun sejak dahulu sampai sekarang. Pemberian panangat di Desa Sadulang merupakan sebagai syarat wajibnya sebelum melaksanakan perkawinan. Adapun tujuannya adalah untuk menghormati atau menghargai wanita yang ingin dinikahi. Proses penentuan panangat tersebut dilakukan dengan cara musyawarah antara pihak laki-laki dengan pihak perempuan, sehingga setelah ada kata sepakat maka perkawinan akan dilangsungkan. Menurut analisis hukum Islam, adat tentang pemberian panangat ada dua yaitu: 1. Di bolehkan selama permintaan panangat tidak memberatkan. 2. Tidak boleh jika permintaan panangat mempersulit atau memberatkan, karena hal itu sangat bertentangan dengan syariat Islam. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di atas hendaknya pemberian panangat di Desa Sadulang yang diminta oleh pihak perempuan tidak memberatkan pihak lika-laki, sehingga bagi pemuda yang ingin menyempurnakan separuh agamanya yaitu menikah bisa melangsungkannya, jangan sampai gara-gara permintaan panangat yang terlalu tinggi bisa menghalangi niat baik seseorang yang ingin menikah. Kepada para tokoh agama, tokoh masyarakat hendaknya memberikan pemahaman kepada masyarakat Desa Sadulang tentang pelaksanaan panangat yang tidak bertentangan dengan ajaran Islam, karena pada dasarnya masyarakat Desa Sadulang 100% (seratus persen) beragama Islam. Sehingga adat yang berlaku harus sesuai dengan ajaran Islam

The effects of BBMQ washout treatment on the cytocidal action of CQ.

<p>(A) Representative data of the percentage of infected red cells categorized according to parasite stage or growth-arrested appearance after 24 hours incubation with different concentrations of CQ. Red cells were either pretreated with BBMQ, or not treated (control), and then infected with purified trophozoites and allowed to invade and grow for 12 hours. (B) Analysis of the data in (A) with respect to proportions of mature 3D7 parasites (as a function of all parasitized cells) present in cultures after 24 hours incubation. IC₅₀ values for the effect of CQ on parasite maturation were 16.3 nM (control) and 1.4 nM (BBMQ). (C) Photomicrographs of growth-arrested 3D7 parasites following CQ treatment for 24 hours (i–iii), and a healthy trophozoite stage parasite observed at the same time point in a control culture (iv). (D) Percentage of red cells containing second-generation ring stage parasites after 48 hours incubation with CQ. IC₅₀ values for the effect of CQ on parasite growth with or without BBMQ pretreatment, respectively, were 3D7, 2.3 and 26 nM; K1, 51 and 313 nM. Data in B and D represent the mean (± SEM) of at least two independent experiments performed in duplicate. * indicates p<0.01.</p

Effect of BBMQ treatment on <i>P. falciparum</i> parasite growth.

<p>(A) Percentage growth inhibition for three different parasite strains treated with BBMQ. IC₅₀ values (± SEM) for the effect of BBMQ were 786±136 nM (3D7), 953±188 nM (K1) and 751±174 nM (W2mef). No significant differences (p>0.5). (B) Photomicrographs of pyknotic or growth-arrested 3D7 parasites following BBMQ treatment. Parasites were synchronized at either the ring stage (panels i and iii) or trophozoite stage (panels ii and iv), and then treated for 12 hours with 25 µM BBMQ (panel i and ii), or left untreated (panel iii and iv). Arrow indicates a parasite of pyknotic appearance; arrowheads indicate growth-arrested trophozoites with condensed and fragmenting nuclei. (C) Percentage of 3D7 infected red cells (% parasitemia) categorized according to parasite developmental stage, following 50 µM BBMQ treatment for indicated times. (D) Percentage of TUNEL-labeled 3D7 parasites following treatment of synchronized ring-stage parasites with 50 µM BBMQ for indicated times. Data shown in (A and D) represent the mean (± SEM) of at least two independent experiments performed in duplicate. * indicates p<0.01.</p

Comparing the effects of continuous and washout BBMQ treatment on <i>P. falciparum</i> growth.

<p>Percentage growth inhibition of <i>P. falciparum</i> 3D7 (A) and K1 (B) using continuous or washout BBMQ treatment. Data represent the mean (± SEM) of at least two independent experiments performed in duplicate. * indicates p<0.01.</p

Analysis of erythrocyte peroxiredoxin-2 in <i>P. falciparum</i> parasites and the effect of BBMQ treatment.

<p>(A) Immunoblot analysis of saponin-purified <i>P. falciparum</i> parasites (strain 3D7) and uninfected erythrocytes (separated under reducing conditions) for Prx2, hyperoxidized Prx (Prx-SO2/3) and hexokinase. Equal numbers of cells were loaded in each lane. The presence of human hexokinase indicates the relative level of contaminating red cell proteins in the purified parasite fraction. (B and C) Immunoblot analysis of the effect of BBMQ treatment of human erythrocytes on Prx2 multimer formation using anti-Prx2 antibody (B), and on total and hyperoxidized amounts of Prx2 (C), using the respective antibodies. In (B) proteins were extracted in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide and separated under non-reducing conditions. In (C) proteins were separated under reducing conditions.</p

BBMQ-CQ isobologram analysis.

<p>Growth inhibition curves for 3D7 (A and B) and K1 parasites (C and D) after 48 hours culture in the indicated concentrations and proportions of CQ and BBMQ. Data represent mean of triplicate wells analyzed in one experiment. The calculated IC₅₀ for each compound at each mixture fraction is indicated in the figure keys (nM).</p

Identification of the Ank-1MRI23420 allele.

<p>(A) Haplotypes of 2nd generation offspring. Narrowing down critical interval using microsatellites on chromosome 8. Grey boxes represent heterozygous and white boxes homozygous mice. The candidate interval for Ank-1MRI23420 was refined to 22–25 Mb on Chr. 8. (B) DNA sequence electropherograms showing the T to A transversion in exon 11 for wt, Ank-1MRI23420/+ and Ank-1MRI23420/MRI23420 mice. (C) Schematic view of the amino acid change. (D) Representation of the position of the mutation within the protein.</p

Identification of <i>Ank-1^MRI23420/+</i> and <i>Ank-1^{MRI23420/23420}</i> mice.

<p>Giemsa stained peripheral blood smears from (A) wt, (B) <i>Ank-1^MRI23420/+,</i> and (D) <i>Ank-1^{MRI23420/MRI23420}</i> mice. Black arrows indicate microcytic RBC in <i>Ank-1^MRI23420/+</i> and spherocytes in <i>Ank-1^{MRI23420/23420}</i>. (C) Jaundiced postnatal day 1 of <i>Ank-1^{MRI23420/MRI23420}</i> pup and an <i>Ank-1^MRI23420/+</i> control littermate.</p

Infection rate of <i>P. chabaudi</i> in <i>Ank-1^MRI23420/+</i> compared to wt RBCs is impaired.

<p>Uninfected RBCs from wt and <i>Ank-1^MRI23420/+</i> mice were labelled individually with different fluorescent dyes mixed at a 1∶1 ratio and injected into infected animals of both groups. 10 hours later tail blood was taken and analysed on flow cytometry gating for infected RBCs +ve for either dye (ATTO 633 & 495). Results were calculated as the mean of normal and reversible labelled RBCs from each group for each background separately. Error bars are presented as SEM and (*) indicate statistical differences with a p-value <0.0001.</p

Haematological parameters on wild-type and Ank-1^MRI23420/+ mice.

<p>Automated full blood analyses were obtained on 69 wt and 72 <i>Ank-1^MRI23420</i> mice at 7 weeks of age. Values are represented as mean value ±SEM. Statistical differences are indicated as (*) p-value <0.05 and (**) p-value<0.001. WBC indicates white blood cell count; RBC, red blood cell count; HBG, hemoglobin; HCT, hematocrit; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW, red cell distribution width; PLT, platelet count; and %Retic, %Reticulocytosis.</p