13 research outputs found

    Monitoring of lung inflammation by endogenous exhaled carbon monoxide in a model of human lungs : Application in Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion before lung transplant : BreathDiag-COe

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    Pour pallier au manque de greffons pulmonaires, des techniques de perfusion pulmonaire ex-vivo (PPEV) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es. Les critĂšres d’évaluation sont basĂ©s sur les paramĂštres physiologiques comme la qualitĂ© des Ă©changes gazeux, les rĂ©sistances vasculaires pulmonaires, la formation d'ƓdĂšme, et l’aspect gĂ©nĂ©ral des poumons.La production endogĂšne de monoxyde de carbone (CO) est influencĂ©e par les phĂ©nomĂšnes inflammatoires et est plus particuliĂšrement en lien avec les mĂ©canismes d'ischémie-reperfusion.La mesure du CO exhalĂ© (COe) est possible grĂące Ă  un spectromĂštre laser (ProCeasÂź). Cet appareil est prĂ©cis (concentrations infĂ©rieures au Ppmv) et rapide permettant un monitorage cycle Ă  cycle, en temps rĂ©el.Le but de l'Ă©tude Ă©tait d’évaluer le taux de COe des greffons pulmonaires humains en cours de procĂ©dure de PPEV et de le comparer Ă  l’acceptation des greffons, aux autres paramĂštres testĂ©s et au devenir Ă  court terme des receveurs.MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodeDes greffons pulmonaires ont Ă©tĂ© optimisĂ©s et Ă©valuĂ©s en PPEV normothermique. Les poumons Ă©taient progressivement rĂ©chauffĂ©s, perfusĂ©s et ventilĂ©s. S'en suivait une phase d'Ă©valuation (incluant des manƓuvres de recrutement) durant deux Ă  quatre heures.Le ProCeasÂź Ă©tait connectĂ© en dĂ©rivation sur le circuit ventilatoire. La production de CO Ă©tait moyennĂ©e sur cinq minutes Ă  la fin de chaque phase de recrutement.En fin de procĂ©dure de PPEV, la dĂ©cision de transplanter les poumons Ă©tait prise selon les critĂšres habituels de l'Ă©quipe chirurgicale sans avoir connaissance des valeurs de COe .RĂ©sultats et Discussion21 procĂ©dures de PPEV ont eu lieux Ă  l’hĂŽpital Foch de Suresnes de DĂ©cembre 2018 Ă  Juillet 2019, dont 13 greffons Ă  « critĂšres Ă©largis » (CE) et 8 issus de donneurs aprĂšs arrĂȘt cardiaque (de la catĂ©gorie III de Maastricht) (DDAC-M3).La prĂ©sence de sang dans les voies aĂ©riennes faussait les rĂ©sultats de COe, ainsi trois procĂ©dures ont Ă©tĂ© exclues.Il n’y avait pas de diffĂ©rence de COe en fonction de l’origine CE ou DDAC-M3 des poumons.Sur les 18 greffons, deux ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©finitivement rĂ©cusĂ©s Ă  la greffe. Il y avait une tendance Ă  un COe plus Ă©levĂ© pour les poumons rĂ©cusĂ©s (p=0,068). Cette tendance Ă©tait prĂ©sente dĂšs le dĂ©but des procĂ©dures.Concernant les paramĂštres physiologiques testĂ©s lors des procĂ©dures de PPEV, le COe Ă©tait corrĂ©lĂ© Ă  la consommation de glucose (r=0,64 ; p=0,04) et Ă  la production de lactates (r=0,53 ; p= 0,025). Il y avait une relation non significative avec les rĂ©sistances vasculaires (p = 0,062). Il n’y avait pas de lien entre COe et formation d’ƓdĂšme ni avec le rapport PaO2/FiO2 per PPEV.Concernant les donnĂ©es post-opĂ©ratoires, en sĂ©parant les greffons en 2 groupes (COe bas Vs COe Ă©levĂ©, limite fixĂ©e Ă  0,235 Ppmv), il y avait une tendance Ă  de meilleures capacitĂ©s d’hĂ©matose (PaO2/FiO2) Ă  24h (p=0,052) pour ceux ayant un taux de COe bas. Tous les poumons avec taux de COe Ă©levĂ© ont prĂ©sentĂ© un score DPG Ă  3 dans les 72h (p=0,088). Il y avait Ă©galement une tendance Ă  es durĂ©es plus longues de rĂ©animation (6 jours (+-3,25) Vs 15 jours (+-3,83), p=0,06) et de durĂ©e totale en unitĂ© de soins continus (rĂ©animation + soins intensifs) (14,5 jours (+-2,34) vs 19 jours (+-3,4) (p=0,07)) pour les greffons avec un taux de COe Ă©levĂ©.ConclusionLe taux de COe per PPEV pourrait ĂȘtre une aide supplĂ©mentaire et prĂ©coce dans l’évaluation des poumons. Il semble pouvoir Ă©galement apporter une aide pronostique pour anticiper les soins de rĂ©animation post opĂ©ratoires.To compensate the lack of pulmonary grafts, ex-vivo lung perfusion techniques (EVLP) have been developed. The evaluation criteria are based on physiological parameters such as the quality of gas exchange, pulmonary vascular resistance, edema formation, and the general appearance of the lungs. The endogenous production of carbon monoxide (CO) is influenced by inflammatory phenomena and is more particularly linked to the mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion.The measurement of exhaled CO (eCO) is possible thanks to a laser spectrometer (ProCeasÂź). This device is precise (concentrations lower than Ppmv) and fast allowing cycle-to-cycle monitoring, in real time.The aim of the study was to assess the eCO level of human lung grafts during the EVLP procedure and to compare it with the acceptance of the grafts, the other parameters tested and the short-term outcome of the recipients.Material and methodLung grafts have been optimized and evaluated in normothermic EVLP. The lungs were gradually warmed, perfused and ventilated. This was followed by an evaluation phase (including recruitment maneuvers) lasting two to four hours.The ProCeasÂź was connected in bypass to the ventilation circuit. CO production was averaged over five minutes at the end of each recruitment procedure.At the end of the EVLP procedure, the decision to transplant the lungs was taken according to the usual criteria of the surgical team without knowing the value of eCO.Results and discussion21 procedures took place at Foch Hospital in Suresnes from December 2018 to July 2019, including 13 grafts with extended criteria (EC) and 8 from donors after cardiac arrest (Category III of Maastricht) (DDCA-M3).The presence of blood in the airways distorted the eCO results, so three procedures were excluded.There was no difference in eCO based on the EC or DDCA-M3 origin of the lungs.Of the 18 grafts, two were definitively rejected at the graft. There was a tendency for higher eCO for the recused lungs (p=0.068). This trend was present from the start of the procedures.Regarding the physiological parameters tested during EVLP procedures, eCO was correlated with glucose consumption (r=0.64; p=0.04) and lactate production (r=0.53; p=0.025). There was a non-significant relationship with vascular resistance (p = 0.062). There was no link between eCO and edema formation or the PaO2/FiO2 relationship per PPEV.Concerning the post-operative data, by separating the grafts into 2 groups (low eCO Vs high eCO, limit fixed at 0,235 Ppmv), there was a tendency to better capacities of hemostasis (PaO2/FiO2) at 24h (p=0.052) for those with a low eCO level. All lungs with high eCO levels presented a PGD score of 3 within 72 hours (p=0.088). There was also a tendency for longer durations of resuscitation (6 days (+-3.25) vs 15 days (+-3.83), p = 0.06) and total duration in the continuing care unit (resuscitation + intensive care) (14.5 days (+-2.34) vs 19 days (+-3.4) (p = 0.07)) for grafts with a high COe level.ConclusionThe eCO level per EVLP could be an additional and early aid in the evaluation of the lungs.It also seems to be able to provide prognostic help to anticipate post-operative resuscitation care

    L’intuition clinique permet-elle de prĂ©dire la prĂ©sence de lĂ©sion grave au scanner chez les patients stables suspects d’un traumatisme sĂ©vĂšre Ă  haute cinĂ©tique ? Une Ă©tude prospective, observationnelle au CHU de Grenoble sur un an

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    Introduction: For severe trauma patients, the initial assessment is critical to guide the treatment. The whole body scanner (WBS) is widely used for lesion assessment. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of the clinical sense of physicians and the clinical examination to predict the existence of a serious injury for particular subclass of patients with suspected severe trauma on high kinetic arguments but clinically stable. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in a " Level 1 trauma center " from June 2014 to June 2015. The physician was asked to judge the probability of serious injury after examining the patient. Intuition and then physical examination were compared to the presence of serious lesions defined by an Abbreviated Injury Score ≄3 in the CT-scan assesment. Results and Discussion: 367 patients were enrolled. 269 patients were men. The average age was 39. The average score NISS (New Injury Severity Score) was 9 ± 11. Conclusion: The practitioner’s clinical intuition can’t be relied upon to determine the indication of SCE with a significant risk of undiagnosed occult lesions. In contrast, a strictly The diagnostic performance of clinical intuition was poor with an area under the curve (AUC) of the ROC curve equal to 0.696 [0.64 to 0.75], sensitivity of 82.2% [74.1% -88.6 %] and specificity of 48.6% [41.9% -55.4%]. The positive predictive value (PPV) was 38.4% [29.4% - 48.1%], the negative predictive value (NPV) of 83.6% [76% - 89.5%] corresponding to 16 4% occult lesions. The diagnostic performance of physical exam was also poor (AUC = 0.534 [0.51 to 0.56]) but the general clinical examination NPV was excellent (100% [82.4% - 100%]) as the head’s examination NPV (100% [97.8% -100%]). Conclusion: The practitioner’s clinical intuition can’t be relied upon to determine the indication of SCE with a significant risk of undiagnosed occult lesions. In contrast, a strictly normal physical examination seems enough to eliminate the presence of serious lesions in this population. Similarly, at brain level, in the absence of clinical and anamnestic argument no injury is expected.Introduction : Chez le patient traumatisĂ© grave, le bilan initial est capital pour guider la prise en charge. Le scanner corps entier (SCE) est largement utilisĂ© pour Ă©tablir le bilan lĂ©sionnel. L’objectif de ce travail Ă©tait d’évaluer la performance du sens clinique du praticien, puis de l’examen clinique pour prĂ©dire l’existence d’une lĂ©sion grave au scanner pour la sous-classe particuliĂšre de patients suspects de traumatisme grave sur des arguments de haute cinĂ©tique et stables cliniquement. MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodes : Cette Ă©tude observationnelle prospective a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e dans un « trauma centre » de niveau 1, de Juin 2014 Ă  Juin 2015. Il Ă©tait demandĂ© au mĂ©decin d’évaluer la probabilitĂ© de lĂ©sion grave aprĂšs avoir examinĂ© le patient. L’intuition puis l’examen physique ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s Ă  la prĂ©sence effective de lĂ©sions graves dĂ©finie par un Abbreviated Injury Score supĂ©rieur ou Ă©gal Ă  3 lors du bilan scannographique. RĂ©sultats et Discussion : 367 patients ont Ă©tĂ© inclus. 269 patients Ă©taient des hommes. L’ñge moyen Ă©tait de 39 ans. Des lĂ©sions post-traumatiques graves ont Ă©tĂ© diagnostiquĂ©es chez 127 (36%) patients. Le score NISS (New Injury Severity Score) moyen Ă©tait de 9 ± 11. La performance diagnostique de l’intuition clinique du praticien Ă©tait mauvaise avec une aire sous la courbe (AUC) ROC Ă©gale Ă  0,696 [0,64 – 0,75], sensibilitĂ© de 82,2 % [74,1%-88,6%] et spĂ©cificitĂ© de 48,6 % [41,9%-55,4%]. La valeur prĂ©dictive positive (VPP) Ă©tait de 38,4% [29,4%-48,1%], la valeur prĂ©dictive nĂ©gative (VPN) de 83,6% [76%- 89,5%] correspondant Ă  16,4% de lĂ©sion occultes. La performance diagnostique de l’examen clinique Ă©tait Ă©galement mauvaise (AUC = 0,534 [0,51-0,56]) mais la VPN de l’examen clinique gĂ©nĂ©ral Ă©tait excellente (100% [82,4% - 100%]), de mĂȘme qu’au niveau crĂąnien (VPN 100% [97,8%-100%]).Conclusion : L’intuition clinique du praticien, n’est pas suffisamment fiable pour poser l’indication du SCE Ă  la recherche de lĂ©sions graves avec un risque important de ne pas diagnostiquer des lĂ©sions occultes. En revanche, un examen physique strictement normal permet d’éliminer la prĂ©sence de lĂ©sion grave dans cette population. De mĂȘme au niveau crĂąnien, en absence d’argument clinique aucune lĂ©sion n’est Ă  attendre

    Monitorage de l'inflammation pulmonaire par le monoxyde de carbone endogĂšne exhalĂ© dans un modĂšle de poumons humains : Application lors d'optimisation de greffons en perfusion pulmonaire Ex-Vivo avant transplantation pulmonaire. Étude BreathDiag-COe

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    To compensate the lack of pulmonary grafts, ex-vivo lung perfusion techniques (EVLP) have been developed. The evaluation criteria are based on physiological parameters such as the quality of gas exchange, pulmonary vascular resistance, edema formation, and the general appearance of the lungs. The endogenous production of carbon monoxide (CO) is influenced by inflammatory phenomena and is more particularly linked to the mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion.The measurement of exhaled CO (eCO) is possible thanks to a laser spectrometer (ProCeasÂź). This device is precise (concentrations lower than Ppmv) and fast allowing cycle-to-cycle monitoring, in real time.The aim of the study was to assess the eCO level of human lung grafts during the EVLP procedure and to compare it with the acceptance of the grafts, the other parameters tested and the short-term outcome of the recipients.Material and methodLung grafts have been optimized and evaluated in normothermic EVLP. The lungs were gradually warmed, perfused and ventilated. This was followed by an evaluation phase (including recruitment maneuvers) lasting two to four hours.The ProCeasÂź was connected in bypass to the ventilation circuit. CO production was averaged over five minutes at the end of each recruitment procedure.At the end of the EVLP procedure, the decision to transplant the lungs was taken according to the usual criteria of the surgical team without knowing the value of eCO.Results and discussion21 procedures took place at Foch Hospital in Suresnes from December 2018 to July 2019, including 13 grafts with extended criteria (EC) and 8 from donors after cardiac arrest (Category III of Maastricht) (DDCA-M3).The presence of blood in the airways distorted the eCO results, so three procedures were excluded.There was no difference in eCO based on the EC or DDCA-M3 origin of the lungs.Of the 18 grafts, two were definitively rejected at the graft. There was a tendency for higher eCO for the recused lungs (p=0.068). This trend was present from the start of the procedures.Regarding the physiological parameters tested during EVLP procedures, eCO was correlated with glucose consumption (r=0.64; p=0.04) and lactate production (r=0.53; p=0.025). There was a non-significant relationship with vascular resistance (p = 0.062). There was no link between eCO and edema formation or the PaO2/FiO2 relationship per PPEV.Concerning the post-operative data, by separating the grafts into 2 groups (low eCO Vs high eCO, limit fixed at 0,235 Ppmv), there was a tendency to better capacities of hemostasis (PaO2/FiO2) at 24h (p=0.052) for those with a low eCO level. All lungs with high eCO levels presented a PGD score of 3 within 72 hours (p=0.088). There was also a tendency for longer durations of resuscitation (6 days (+-3.25) vs 15 days (+-3.83), p = 0.06) and total duration in the continuing care unit (resuscitation + intensive care) (14.5 days (+-2.34) vs 19 days (+-3.4) (p = 0.07)) for grafts with a high COe level.ConclusionThe eCO level per EVLP could be an additional and early aid in the evaluation of the lungs.It also seems to be able to provide prognostic help to anticipate post-operative resuscitation care.Pour pallier au manque de greffons pulmonaires, des techniques de perfusion pulmonaire ex-vivo (PPEV) ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es. Les critĂšres d’évaluation sont basĂ©s sur les paramĂštres physiologiques comme la qualitĂ© des Ă©changes gazeux, les rĂ©sistances vasculaires pulmonaires, la formation d'ƓdĂšme, et l’aspect gĂ©nĂ©ral des poumons.La production endogĂšne de monoxyde de carbone (CO) est influencĂ©e par les phĂ©nomĂšnes inflammatoires et est plus particuliĂšrement en lien avec les mĂ©canismes d'ischémie-reperfusion.La mesure du CO exhalĂ© (COe) est possible grĂące Ă  un spectromĂštre laser (ProCeasÂź). Cet appareil est prĂ©cis (concentrations infĂ©rieures au Ppmv) et rapide permettant un monitorage cycle Ă  cycle, en temps rĂ©el.Le but de l'Ă©tude Ă©tait d’évaluer le taux de COe des greffons pulmonaires humains en cours de procĂ©dure de PPEV et de le comparer Ă  l’acceptation des greffons, aux autres paramĂštres testĂ©s et au devenir Ă  court terme des receveurs.MatĂ©riel et mĂ©thodeDes greffons pulmonaires ont Ă©tĂ© optimisĂ©s et Ă©valuĂ©s en PPEV normothermique. Les poumons Ă©taient progressivement rĂ©chauffĂ©s, perfusĂ©s et ventilĂ©s. S'en suivait une phase d'Ă©valuation (incluant des manƓuvres de recrutement) durant deux Ă  quatre heures.Le ProCeasÂź Ă©tait connectĂ© en dĂ©rivation sur le circuit ventilatoire. La production de CO Ă©tait moyennĂ©e sur cinq minutes Ă  la fin de chaque phase de recrutement.En fin de procĂ©dure de PPEV, la dĂ©cision de transplanter les poumons Ă©tait prise selon les critĂšres habituels de l'Ă©quipe chirurgicale sans avoir connaissance des valeurs de COe .RĂ©sultats et Discussion21 procĂ©dures de PPEV ont eu lieux Ă  l’hĂŽpital Foch de Suresnes de DĂ©cembre 2018 Ă  Juillet 2019, dont 13 greffons Ă  « critĂšres Ă©largis » (CE) et 8 issus de donneurs aprĂšs arrĂȘt cardiaque (de la catĂ©gorie III de Maastricht) (DDAC-M3).La prĂ©sence de sang dans les voies aĂ©riennes faussait les rĂ©sultats de COe, ainsi trois procĂ©dures ont Ă©tĂ© exclues.Il n’y avait pas de diffĂ©rence de COe en fonction de l’origine CE ou DDAC-M3 des poumons.Sur les 18 greffons, deux ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©finitivement rĂ©cusĂ©s Ă  la greffe. Il y avait une tendance Ă  un COe plus Ă©levĂ© pour les poumons rĂ©cusĂ©s (p=0,068). Cette tendance Ă©tait prĂ©sente dĂšs le dĂ©but des procĂ©dures.Concernant les paramĂštres physiologiques testĂ©s lors des procĂ©dures de PPEV, le COe Ă©tait corrĂ©lĂ© Ă  la consommation de glucose (r=0,64 ; p=0,04) et Ă  la production de lactates (r=0,53 ; p= 0,025). Il y avait une relation non significative avec les rĂ©sistances vasculaires (p = 0,062). Il n’y avait pas de lien entre COe et formation d’ƓdĂšme ni avec le rapport PaO2/FiO2 per PPEV.Concernant les donnĂ©es post-opĂ©ratoires, en sĂ©parant les greffons en 2 groupes (COe bas Vs COe Ă©levĂ©, limite fixĂ©e Ă  0,235 Ppmv), il y avait une tendance Ă  de meilleures capacitĂ©s d’hĂ©matose (PaO2/FiO2) Ă  24h (p=0,052) pour ceux ayant un taux de COe bas. Tous les poumons avec taux de COe Ă©levĂ© ont prĂ©sentĂ© un score DPG Ă  3 dans les 72h (p=0,088). Il y avait Ă©galement une tendance Ă  es durĂ©es plus longues de rĂ©animation (6 jours (+-3,25) Vs 15 jours (+-3,83), p=0,06) et de durĂ©e totale en unitĂ© de soins continus (rĂ©animation + soins intensifs) (14,5 jours (+-2,34) vs 19 jours (+-3,4) (p=0,07)) pour les greffons avec un taux de COe Ă©levĂ©.ConclusionLe taux de COe per PPEV pourrait ĂȘtre une aide supplĂ©mentaire et prĂ©coce dans l’évaluation des poumons. Il semble pouvoir Ă©galement apporter une aide pronostique pour anticiper les soins de rĂ©animation post opĂ©ratoires

    Il significato delle cose di ogni giorno

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    International audienceCarbon monoxide (CO) monitoring in human breath is the focus of many investigations as CO could possibly be used as a marker of various diseases. Detecting CO in human breath remains a challenge because low concentrations (<ppm) must be selectively detected and short response time resolution is needed to detect the end expiratory values reflecting actual alveolar concentrations. A laser spectroscopy based instrument was developed (ProCeas) that fulfils these requirements. The aim of this study was to validate the use of a ProCeas for human breath analysis in order to measure the changes of endogenous exhaled CO (eCO) induced by different inspired fractions of oxygen (FiO2) ranging between 21% and 100%. This study was performed on healthy volunteers. 30 healthy awaked volunteers (including asymptomatic smokers) breathed spontaneously through a facial mask connected to the respiratory circuit of an anesthesiology station. FiO2 was fixed to 21%, 50% and 100% for periods of 5 minutes. CO concentrations were continuously monitored throughout the experiment with a ProCeas connected to the airway circuit. The respiratory cycles being resolved, eCO concentration is defined by the difference between the value at the end of the exhalation phase and the level during inhalation phase. Inhalation of 100% FiO2 increased eCO levels by a factor of four in every subjects (smokers and non smokers). eCO returned in a few minutes to the initial value when FiO2 was switched back to 21%. This magnification of eCO at 21% and 100% FiO2 is greater than those described in previous publications. We hypothesize that these results can be explained by the healthy status of our subjects (with low basal levels of eCO) and also by the better measurement precision of ProCeas

    Continuous Endogenous Exhaled CO Monitoring by Laser Spectrometer in Human EVLP Before Lung Transplantation

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    International audienceEndogenous production of carbon monoxide (CO) is affected by inflammatory phenomena and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Precise measurement of exhaled endogenous CO (eCO) is possible thanks to a laser spectrometer (ProCeasŸ from AP2E company). We assessed eCO levels of human lung grafts during the normothermic Ex-Vivo Lung Perfusion (EVLP). ProCeasŸ was connected in bypass to the ventilation circuit. The surgical team took the decision to transplant the lungs without knowing eCO values. We compared eCO between accepted and rejected grafts. EVLP parameters and recipient outcomes were also compared with eCO values. Over 7 months, eCO was analyzed in 21 consecutive EVLP grafts. Two pairs of lungs were rejected by the surgical team. In these two cases, there was a tendency for higher eCO values (0.358 ± 0.52 ppm) compared to transplanted lungs (0.240 ± 0.76 ppm). During the EVLP procedure, eCO was correlated with glucose consumption and lactate production. However, there was no association of eCO neither with edema formation nor with the PO 2 /FiO 2 ratio per EVLP. Regarding post-operative data, every patient transplanted with grafts exhaling high eCO levels (&gt;0.235 ppm) during EVLP presented a Primary Graft Dysfunction score of 3 within the 72 h post-transplantation. There was also a tendency for a longer stay in ICU for recipients with grafts exhaling high eCO levels during EVLP. eCO can be continuously monitored during EVLP. It could serve as an additional and early marker in the evaluation of the lung grafts providing relevant information for post-operative resuscitation care

    Is intravenously administered, subdissociative-dose KETAmine non-inferior to MORPHine for prehospital analgesia (the KETAMORPH study): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

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    Abstract Background Acute pain is a common condition among prehospital patients and prompt management is pivotal. Opioids are the most frequently analgesics used in the prehospital setting. However, opioids are highly addictive, and some patients may develop opioid dependence, even when they are exposed to brief opioid treatments. Therefore, alternative non-opioid analgesia should be developed to manage pain in the prehospital setting. Used at subdissociative doses, ketamine, a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate and glutamate receptor antagonist, provides analgesic effects accompanied by preservation of protective airway reflexes. In this context, we will carry out a randomized controlled, open-label, multicenter trial to compare a subdissociative dose of ketamine to morphine to provide pain relief in the prehospital setting, in patients with traumatic and non-traumatic pain. Methods/design This will be a multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Consecutive adults will be enrolled in the prehospital setting if they experience moderate to severe, acute, non-traumatic and traumatic pain, defined as a numeric rating scale score greater or equal to 5. Patients will be randomized to receive ketamine or morphine by intravenous push. The primary outcome will be the between-group difference in mean change in numeric rating scale pain scores measured from the time before administration of the study medication to 30 min later. Discussion This upcoming randomized clinical trial was design to assess the efficacy and safety of ketamine, an alternative non-opiate analgesia, to manage non-traumatic and traumatic pain in the prehospital setting. We aim to provide evidence to change prescribing practices to reduce exposition to opioids and the subsequent risk of addiction. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03236805. Registered on 2 August 2017
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