Advanced Fenton processing of aqueous phenol solutions:a continuous system study including sonication effects

Our previous report based on a batch reactor system for the Advanced Fenton Process (AFP) showed that pH, hydrogen peroxide and the organic substances treated are among the most important factors affecting the oxidation efficiency. As an extended study towards its commercialisation, this paper reports the effects of the main process parameters including those relating to a new AFP flow-through system. In order to systemise and correlate the results, the Taguchi experimental design method was used. Total organic carbon (TOC) removal was utilised as the measure of the oxidation efficiency and it was found that the removal of phenol from aqueous solution at pH 2.0 and 2.5 was very similar but hydrogen peroxide supply significantly affected the TOC removal with the change of flow rate from 14.4 mL/hr to 60 mL/hr. Also, the initial concentration of phenol was a highly significant factor, with higher concentrations resulting in a lower TOC removal rate. The temperature effects in the range of 14 °C to 42 °C were investigated and it was found that there was accelerated oxidation of phenol in the early stages but after 90 minutes there was no significant difference between the results. Sonication with a bath type sonicator resulted in relatively small enhancements of TOC removal but further studies with cup-horn and probe type sonicators showed that TOC removal increased with higher intensity of sonication on additional input of hydrogen peroxide

Men who have sex with men who do not access sexual health clinics nor disclose sexual orientation are unlikely to receive the HPV vaccine in the UK

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM) are recommended the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination due to their higher risk of genital warts and anal cancer. Purpose: To examine HPV vaccine acceptability amongst MSM in the UK. Methods: Using advertisements via Facebook, MSM were recruited to an online survey measuring motivations for HPV vaccination. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of HPV vaccine acceptability. Results: Out of 1508 MSM (median age = 22, range: 14–63 years) only 19% had good knowledge of HPV. Overall, 55% of MSM were willing to ask for the HPV vaccine and 89% would accept it if offered by a healthcare professional (HCP). Access to sexual health clinics (SHCs) [OR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.29–2.89], the disclosure of sexual orientation to a HCP [OR = 2.02, CI 1.39–3.14] and HIV-positive status [OR = 1.96, CI 1.09–3.53] positively predicted HPV vaccine acceptability. After receiving information about HPV, perceptions of HPV risk [OR = 1.31, CI 1.05–1.63], HPV infection severity [OR = 1.89, CI 1.16–3.01), HPV vaccination benefits [OR = 1.61, CI 1.14–3.01], HPV vaccine effectiveness [OR = 1.54, CI 1.14–2.08], and the lack of perceived barriers to HPV vaccination [OR = 4.46, CI 2.95–6.73] were also associated with acceptability. Conclusions: Although nearly half of MSM would not actively pursue HPV vaccination, the vast majority would accept the vaccine if recommended by HCPs. In order to achieve optimal uptake, vaccine promotion campaigns should focus on MSM who do not access SHCs and those unwilling to disclose their sexual orientation

On the Maximum Expected Electric Field in Electrically Small, Undermoded Enclosures

This paper reports the experimental validation of an improved statistical model for the prediction of maximum expected electric field in electrically small and under-moded enclosures. The aerospace community is interested in application of Hills statistical models to design of avionics boxes for shielding effectiveness and for tailoring EMC test requirements for critical applications. However, it is observed that the probability distribution for mean-squared electric field (|E(sub x)|(exp 2)) in an electrically small enclosure differs from the exponential distribution which is widely used in reverberation chamber testing. It is postulated here that the difference is attributable to the under-moded character of the small enclosure. We will define under-moded as the condition where a single excitation frequency does not excite enough closely spaced resonant modes to achieve Hills assumption of an isotropic (or fully diffuse) plane wave field in the enclosure

Contact Representations of Graphs in 3D

We study contact representations of graphs in which vertices are represented by axis-aligned polyhedra in 3D and edges are realized by non-zero area common boundaries between corresponding polyhedra. We show that for every 3-connected planar graph, there exists a simultaneous representation of the graph and its dual with 3D boxes. We give a linear-time algorithm for constructing such a representation. This result extends the existing primal-dual contact representations of planar graphs in 2D using circles and triangles. While contact graphs in 2D directly correspond to planar graphs, we next study representations of non-planar graphs in 3D. In particular we consider representations of optimal 1-planar graphs. A graph is 1-planar if there exists a drawing in the plane where each edge is crossed at most once, and an optimal n-vertex 1-planar graph has the maximum (4n - 8) number of edges. We describe a linear-time algorithm for representing optimal 1-planar graphs without separating 4-cycles with 3D boxes. However, not every optimal 1-planar graph admits a representation with boxes. Hence, we consider contact representations with the next simplest axis-aligned 3D object, L-shaped polyhedra. We provide a quadratic-time algorithm for representing optimal 1-planar graph with L-shaped polyhedra

Outcome Independence of Entanglement in One-Way Computation

We show that the various intermediate states appearing in the process of one-way computation at a given step of measurement are all equivalent modulo local unitary transformations. This implies, in particular, that all those intermediate states share the same entanglement irrespective of the measurement outcomes, indicating that the process of one-way computation is essentially unique with respect to local quantum operations.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Surface-acoustic-wave-driven luminescence from a lateral p-n junction

The authors report surface-acoustic-wave-driven luminescence from a lateral p-n junction formed by molecular beam epitaxy regrowth of a modulation doped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well on a patterned GaAs substrate. Surface-acoustic-wave-driven transport is demonstrated by peaks in the electrical current and light emission from the GaAs quantum well at the resonant frequency of the transducer. This type of junction offers high carrier mobility and scalability. The demonstration of surface-acoustic-wave luminescence is a significant step towards single-photon applications in quantum computation and quantum cryptography.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Canonical Decompositions of n-qubit Quantum Computations and Concurrence

The two-qubit canonical decomposition SU(4) = [SU(2) \otimes SU(2)] Delta [SU(2) \otimes SU(2)] writes any two-qubit quantum computation as a composition of a local unitary, a relative phasing of Bell states, and a second local unitary. Using Lie theory, we generalize this to an n-qubit decomposition, the concurrence canonical decomposition (C.C.D.) SU(2^n)=KAK. The group K fixes a bilinear form related to the concurrence, and in particular any computation in K preserves the tangle ||^2 for n even. Thus, the C.C.D. shows that any n-qubit quantum computation is a composition of a computation preserving this n-tangle, a computation in A which applies relative phases to a set of GHZ states, and a second computation which preserves it. As an application, we study the extent to which a large, random unitary may change concurrence. The result states that for a randomly chosen a in A within SU(2^{2p}), the probability that a carries a state of tangle 0 to a state of maximum tangle approaches 1 as the even number of qubits approaches infinity. Any v=k_1 a k_2 for such an a \in A has the same property. Finally, although ||^2 vanishes identically when the number of qubits is odd, we show that a more complicated C.C.D. still exists in which K is a symplectic group.Comment: v2 corrects odd qubit CCD misstatements, reference chapter for KAK v3 notation change to coincide with sequel, typos. 20 pages, 0 figure

Universal quantum computation and simulation using any entangling Hamiltonian and local unitaries

What interactions are sufficient to simulate arbitrary quantum dynamics in a composite quantum system? We provide an efficient algorithm to simulate any desired two-body Hamiltonian evolution using any fixed two-body entangling n-qubit Hamiltonian and local unitaries. It follows that universal quantum computation can be performed using any entangling interaction and local unitary operations.Comment: Added references to NMR refocusing and to earlier work by Leung et al and Jones and Knil

Critical Language and Discourse Awareness in Management Education

Communication and, through it, language have become key elements of business and organizational life. How organizations interact within their walls and with the outside world fundamentally affects business processes, creating organizational culture, shaping public perceptions, and influencing consumer choices. This essay calls for a greater acknowledgment of language and communication and suggests that management educators may want to review how they are incorporated in management education curricula. Expanding on the skill-based approach typically adopted in business school classes, the essay points to the utility of exposing business students to the dual function of language as a means of doing work and as a social action that constitutes social reality. Drawing on examples from scholarship in linguistics and discourse analysis, the essay demonstrates that the ability to notice, identify, and reflect on linguistic and discourse practices is a crucial managerial skill. Nurturing such analytical and thinking skills enables people to become not only better communicators but also critical thinkers able to understand and challenge when social control, power, or injustice is enacted in organizations

Pixel and Voxel Representations of Graphs

We study contact representations for graphs, which we call pixel representations in 2D and voxel representations in 3D. Our representations are based on the unit square grid whose cells we call pixels in 2D and voxels in 3D. Two pixels are adjacent if they share an edge, two voxels if they share a face. We call a connected set of pixels or voxels a blob. Given a graph, we represent its vertices by disjoint blobs such that two blobs contain adjacent pixels or voxels if and only if the corresponding vertices are adjacent. We are interested in the size of a representation, which is the number of pixels or voxels it consists of. We first show that finding minimum-size representations is NP-complete. Then, we bound representation sizes needed for certain graph classes. In 2D, we show that, for $k$-outerplanar graphs with $n$ vertices, $\Theta(kn)$ pixels are always sufficient and sometimes necessary. In particular, outerplanar graphs can be represented with a linear number of pixels, whereas general planar graphs sometimes need a quadratic number. In 3D, $\Theta(n^2)$ voxels are always sufficient and sometimes necessary for any $n$-vertex graph. We improve this bound to $\Theta(n\cdot \tau)$ for graphs of treewidth $\tau$ and to $O((g+1)^2n\log^2n)$ for graphs of genus $g$. In particular, planar graphs admit representations with $O(n\log^2n)$ voxels