The Origin of Religious Tolerance and the Application of Pancasila

The main purpose of this article is to denote the historical fact that Piagam Jakarta does not only instruct the state to apply the Sharia for the Muslim population but it also softens the binding force of the Sharia by obligating the state to harmonize the requirements of Sharia with the comprehensive understanding of Pancasila in its entirety. The research finding: the historical fact indicates that the consent of the representatives of the Muslim group in Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) as well as in Badan Penyelidik Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI) is to the abandonment of the Islamic Clause (klausula tentang Islam). They called for the deletion of any reference to Islam. Hence, for this research, it can be concluded that the Islamic Clause does not present a counter-draft but forms a preliminary stage of Pancasila and its first sila. This conclusion is also strengthened by linguistic rules referring to the word “Ketuhanan” abstaining from making any statement about the attitude of people towards God. Therefore, replacement of the Islamic Clause with the term “Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa” has removed any boundary which would have been established by any religious doctrines against the inclusion of citizens with equal rights and has opened the way for Indonesia to implement the universal human rights to their full extend. The research is done through socio-legal approach. It sees historical data from socio-legal perspectives.

Mechanochemically synthesized conversion electrodes and their application in sodium and lithium ion batteries with diglyme electrolytes

The strongly limited abundance of lithium (Li) and also that of other elements contained in a Li-ion battery (LIB) leads to the need of low-cost and more abundant alternatives. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are a promising alternative as sodium (Na) cells show similar properties to the Li analogues in many cases and allow the use of more environmentally friendly and/or more abundant electrode materials. In comparison to the well-known and commercially used intercalation type electrodes, conversion electrodes enable the transfer of several electrons per formula unit of an electrode material and hence provide higher specific capacities. Conversion electrodes may be classified into alloys and transition metal compounds, both being studied within this dissertation. The first publication (doi: 10.1002/ente.201900389) in this cumulative thesis deals about the influence of the ball milling time onto the electrochemical performance for an SnSb/C intermetallic phase and Sn+Sb/C mixture as an example for alloy electrodes. Herein, it is found that longer milling leads to a more stable composite formation with carbon in order to enhance the cycle life for Sn+Sb and SnSb by galvanostatic cycling and in situ dilatometry studies. In the second publication (doi: 10.1016/j.powera.2020.100031) Cu3P is studied as a transition metal compound electrode, which is found to show a better electrochemical performance for the use of an ether electrolyte in comparison to carbonate electrolytes for both, LIBs and NIBs. In the last publication, (doi: 10.1002/adfm.201910583) a thiophosphate (Cu3PS4) was considered as an electrode material for the first time for NIBs which shows a by sulfur dominated redox activity with capacities of about 450 mAh g−1 after 1400 cycles @1 A g−1 in a voltage window between 0.01 and 2.5 V vs. Na+/Na. The results of this dissertation improve the understanding of using alloy and transition metal compound based conversion electrodes in diglyme electrolytes

Histamine 2 Receptor Agonism and Histamine 4 Receptor Antagonism Ameliorate Inflammation in a Model of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by hyperproliferative keratinocytes and immune cell infiltration into the skin, often accompanied by itch. Histamine, acting via histamine 1–4 receptors, is known to modulate immune responses in the skin and to induce itch. The aim of this study was to test the role of histamine 2 receptors and histamine 4 receptors in the imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation model. BALB/c mice were treated intraperitoneally with amthamine (histamine 2 receptor agonist), JNJ-39758979 (histamine 4 receptor antagonist), a combination of both, or vehicle twice daily in a preventive manner. Imiquimod was applied once daily onto the back skin for 10 consecutive days. Stimulation of histamine 2 receptors and blockade of histamine 4 receptors ameliorated imiquimod-induced skin inflammation. The combination of amthamine and JNJ-39758979 reduced skin inflammation even more pronounced, diminished epidermal hyperproliferation, and inhibited spontaneous scratching behaviour. A combination of histamine 2 receptor agonist and histamine 4 receptor antagonists could represent a new strategy for the treatment of psoriasis

Hamiltonian submanifolds of regular polytopes

We investigate polyhedral $2k$-manifolds as subcomplexes of the boundary complex of a regular polytope. We call such a subcomplex {\it $k$-Hamiltonian} if it contains the full $k$-skeleton of the polytope. Since the case of the cube is well known and since the case of a simplex was also previously studied (these are so-called {\it super-neighborly triangulations}) we focus on the case of the cross polytope and the sporadic regular 4-polytopes. By our results the existence of 1-Hamiltonian surfaces is now decided for all regular polytopes. Furthermore we investigate 2-Hamiltonian 4-manifolds in the $d$-dimensional cross polytope. These are the "regular cases" satisfying equality in Sparla's inequality. In particular, we present a new example with 16 vertices which is highly symmetric with an automorphism group of order 128. Topologically it is homeomorphic to a connected sum of 7 copies of $S^2 \times S^2$. By this example all regular cases of $n$ vertices with $n < 20$ or, equivalently, all cases of regular $d$-polytopes with $d\leq 9$ are now decided.Comment: 26 pages, 4 figure

Copper Thiophosphate (Cu3PS4) as Electrode for Sodium-Ion Batteries with Ether Electrolyte

Sections PDFPDF Tools Share Abstract Lithium and sodium thiophosphates (and related compounds) have recently attracted attention because of their potential use as solid electrolytes in solid‐state batteries. These compounds, however, exhibit only limited stability in practice as they react with the electrodes. The decomposition products partially remain redox active hence leading to excess capacity. The redox activity of thiophosphates is explicitly used to act as electrode for sodium‐ion batteries. Copper thiophosphate (Cu3PS4) is used as a model system. The storage behavior between 0.01 and 2.5 V versus Na+/Na is studied in half cells using different electrolytes with 1 m NaPF6 in diglyme showing the best result. Cu3PS4 shows highly reversible charge storage with capacities of about 580 mAh g−1 for more than 200 cycles @120 mA g−1 and about 450 mAh g−1 for 1400 cycles @1 A g−1. The redox behavior is studied by operando X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. During initial sodiation, Cu3PS4 undergoes a conversion reaction including the formation of Cu and Na2S. During cycling, the redox activity seems dominated by sulfur. Interestingly, the capacity of Cu3PS4 for lithium storage is smaller, leading to about 170 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles. The results demonstrate that thiophosphates can lead to reversible charge storage over several hundred cycles without any notable capacity decay.Peer Reviewe

Analysis of connexin 43, connexin 45 and N-cadherin in the human sertoli cell line FS1 and the human seminoma-like cell line TCam-2 in comparison with human testicular biopsies

Background: Germ cell tumors are relatively common in young men. They derive from a non-invasive precursor, called germ cell neoplasia in situ, but the exact pathogenesis is still unknown. Thus, further understanding provides the basis for diagnostics, prognostics and therapy and is therefore paramount. A recently developed cell culture model consisting of human FS1 Sertoli cells and human TCam-2 seminoma-like cells offers new opportunities for research on seminoma. Since junctional proteins within the seminiferous epithelium are involved in cell organization, differentiation and proliferation, they represent interesting candidates for investigations on intercellular adhesion and communication in context with neoplastic progression. Methods: FS1 and TCam-2 cells were characterized regarding gap-junction-related connexin 43 (Cx43) and connexin 45 (Cx45), and adherens-junction-related N-cadherin using microarray, PCR, Western blot, immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. Results were compared to human testicular biopsies at different stages of seminoma development via immunohistochemistry to confirm the cell lines’ representativeness. Furthermore, dye-transfer measurements were performed to investigate functional cell coupling. Results: Cx43, Cx45 and N-cadherin mRNA and protein were generally detectable in both cell lines via qualitative RT-PCR and Western blot. Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence revealed a mainly membrane-associated expression of N-cadherin in both cell lines, but gene expression values were higher in FS1 cells. Cx43 expression was also membrane-associated in FS1 cells but barely detectable in TCam-2 cells. Accordingly, a high gene expression value of Cx43 was measured for FS1 and a low value for TCam-2 cells. Cx45 was primary located in the cytoplasm of FS1 and TCam-2 cells and revealed similar low to medium gene expression values in both cell lines. Overall, results were comparable with corresponding biopsies. Additionally, both FS1 and TCam-2 cells showed dye diffusion into neighboring cells. Conclusion: The junctional proteins Cx43, Cx45 and N-cadherin are expressed in FS1 and TCam-2 cells at mRNA and/or protein level in different amounts and localizations, and cells of both lines are functionally coupled among each other. Concerning the expression of these junctional proteins, FS1 and TCam-2 cells are largely representative for Sertoli and seminoma cells, respectively. Thus, these results provide the basis for further coculture experiments evaluating the role of junctional proteins in context with seminoma progression

Fenoterol depot and fenoterol in premature uterine contractions — a multicentric double-blind comparative study

Peer Reviewe

Calpeptin is a potent cathepsin inhibitor and drug candidate for SARS-CoV-2 infections

Several drug screening campaigns identified Calpeptin as a drug candidate against SARS-CoV-2. Initially reported to target the viral main protease (Mpro), its moderate activity in Mpro inhibition assays hints at a second target. Indeed, we show that Calpeptin is an extremely potent cysteine cathepsin inhibitor, a finding additionally supported by X-ray crystallography. Cell infection assays proved Calpeptin’s efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2-infected Golden Syrian hamsters with sulfonated Calpeptin at a dose of 1 mg/kg body weight reduces the viral load in the trachea. Despite a higher risk of side effects, an intrinsic advantage in targeting host proteins is their mutational stability in contrast to highly mutable viral targets. Here we show that the inhibition of cathepsins, a protein family of the host organism, by calpeptin is a promising approach for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and potentially other viral infections