Seedling emergence of five varieties of citric rootstocks grown in environments with different levels of shading

The emergence of citrus seedlings is influenced by several factors. One is the degree of brightness. The objective of the experiment was to evaluate the influence of four environments in the emergence of seedlings of five citrus varieties rootstocks. The work was carried out on private property located in the city of Alegre-ES, located at 20° 49’ south latitude and 41° 32’ west longitude and 322 m altitude. The experimental design was completely randomized in a split plot, with four rooms consisting of 0, 30, 50 and 80% shading in the plot and five varieties of rootstocks subplots, with four repetitions and twenty-five seeds per replicate. The rootstocks used were the Rangpur lime, lemon Volkameriano, Poncirus trifoliata, ‘Swingle’ citrumelo and Flying Dragon. After 60 days of sowing, emergence rate index, emergence percentage, leaf number and height were evaluated. At 124 days, leaf area, total chlorophyll (a + b), root dry mass and shoot were evaluated. The citric rootstocks tested responded differently when subjected to shading, and can use physiological and morphological mechanisms to maintain or even improve the emergence and seedling vigor. It was observed that the P. trifoliata rootstock obtained better performance when compared to others and that 50% shading can be adopted in this stage of citrus seedling production since it reduces seedling time in the tubes and does not affect the seedling quality

Aclimatação e adubação de mudas micropropagadas do abacaxizeiro Gold no sul do Estado do Espírito Santo

RESUMO - Este trabalho foi conduzido no Campus do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, localizado no município de Alegre-ES, Brasil. Teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento das mudas micropropagadas do abacaxizeiro [Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill cv. Gold] durante a fase de aclimatação. No primeiro experimento, montado em esquema de parcela subdividida, foi testada a exposição das mudas micropropagadas às condições naturais de clima em diferentes idades de retirada da casa de vegetação (0, 1, 2, 3, e 4 meses) e a testemunha que aí permaneceu por 5 meses, consistindo-se nas parcelas e avaliações aos: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após transplantadas, formando as subparcelas. No segundo experimento, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, foi testado o efeito da adubação de solo com NPK, com base na adubação de referência para vasos (ARV), em g kg-1: 0,30 de N, 0,20 de P e 0,15 de K, utilizandose cinco dosagens dessa recomendação (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200%). No terceiro experimento, conduzido em esquema fatorial 8x3, testaram-se oito níveis de adubação foliar: uréia+KCl+H3BO3, nas dosagens em g L-1 de: 2+2+0; 5+5+0; 10+10+0; 2+2+0,5; 5+5+0,5 e 10+10+0,5, respectivamente denominados de T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 e T6; uma formulação comercial completa com macro e micronutrientes (T7), na dosagem de 3 g L-1; e a testemunha (Test) pulverização com água, combinados com três níveis de recipientes: bandeja de isopor, tubete pequeno e tubete grande. Os resultados permitem concluir que: nas condições deste experimento, as mudas micropropagadas podem ser retiradas da casa de vegetação de pré-aclimatação fase II com idades de 1 e 2 meses após transplantadas; com o aumento da ARV há decréscimo dos valores de: área foliar; massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e da raiz, e número de folhas. O comprimento da maior raiz e altura de planta cresce até 50% da ARV, diminuindo a partir deste percentual, sendo o zinco, o fero e o cobre os nutrientes que possivelmente limitam o crescimento; e os adubos foliares, em todos os recipientes utilizados, proporcionam maior crescimento das mudas do abacaxizeiro cv. Gold em área foliar, altura e massa seca da parte aérea, 2 exceto os adubos foliares T5 e T7, para massa seca da parte aérea no recipiente bandeja de isopor. Os adubos foliares não aumentam a massa seca do sistema radicular.This work was carried at the Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, located in Alegre city, Brasil. The objective was to evaluate the growth of the of the Pineapple plantlets micropropagated [Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill cv. Gold] during the phase of acclimatation. In the first experiment, mounted in split plot, it was tested the exposition of the micropropagated plantlets to the natural conditions of climate in different ages of retreat of the greenhouse (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 months) and the witness that stayed for 5 months, consisting in plots and evaluations to the: 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after transplanted, forming the sub-plots. In the second experiment, in completely randomized design, the effect of the soil fertilization with NPK was tested, based in the reference fertilization for vases (ARV), in g kg-1: 0,30 of N, 0,20 of P and 0,15 of K, being used five dosages of that recommendation (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200%). In the third experiment, conducted in factorial arrangement 8x3, eight levels of foliar fertilization were tested to: urea+KCl+H3BO3, in the dosages in g. L-1 of: 2+2+0; 5+5+0; 10+10+0; 2+2+0,5; 5+5+0,5; and 10+10+0,5, respectively denominated of T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6; a complete commercial formulation with macro and micronutrients (T7), in the dosage of 3 g.L-1 and the witness (Test) pulverization with water, combined with three levels of containers: isopor tray, small tubete and big tubete. The results allow to end that: in the conditions of this experiment, the micropropagated plantlets can be removed of the greenhouse of pre-acclimatation phase II with ages of 1 and 2 months after transplanted; and with the increase of ARV there is decrease of the values of: foliar area; fresh and dry mass of the aerial part and of the root; and number of leaves. The length of the bigger root and plant height grows up to 50% of ARV, decreasing starting from this percentile one, being zinc, iron and cooper the nutrients that possibly limited the growth; and the foliar fertilizers, in all of the containers used, provide larger growth of the pineapple cv. Gold plantlets in foliar area, height and dry mass of the aerial part, except the foliar 4 fertilizers T5 and T7, for dry mass of the aerial part in the isopor tray container. The foliar fertilizers don't increase the dry mass of the root system. Key words: pineapple, Ananas comosus, horticulture, micropropagation, fertilization

Adubação foliar com macro e micronutrientes no crescimento de mudas micropropagadas do abacaxizeiro cv. Gold [Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill] em diferentes recipientes Foliar fertilization with macro and micronutrients in the growth of plantlets micropropagated of pineapple cv. Gold [Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill] in different containers

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da adubação foliar com macro e micronutrientes no crescimento das mudas micropropagadas do abacaxizeiro cv. Gold [Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill], em diferentes recipientes. O experimento foi em esquema fatorial 8x3, adubação foliar em 8 níveis e recipientes em 3 níveis, através de um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 repetições. As mudas foram padronizadas com altura média de 7,12 cm. As adubações foliares foram feitas com uréia, cloreto de potássio, ácido bórico, um formulado comercial com macro e micronutrientes e testemunha (pulverização com água) e os recipientes: bandeja de isopor com 200 células; tubete pequeno de 115 cm³; e tubete grande com 300 cm³. O substrato utilizado foi o plantmax hortaliças®. Avaliaram-se as características área foliar, altura de planta e massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz, aos 140 dias do transplantio. Os adubos foliares proporcionaram maior crescimento em área foliar, altura e massa seca da parte aérea às mudas do abacaxizeiro, embora com resultados diferentes. Os adubos foliares não aumentaram a massa seca do sistema radicular. A bandeja de isopor apresentou as menores médias, com todos os adubos foliares para área foliar, altura e massa seca da parte aérea das mudas do abacaxizeiro. O tubete pequeno e o tubete grande apresentaram resultados semelhantes com a maioria dos adubos foliares utilizados.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the foliar fertilization with macro and micronutrients on the growth of the plantlets micropropagated of pineapple cv. Gold [Ananas comosus (L.) Merrill] in different containers. The experiment was mounted in factorial arrangement 8x3, with foliar fertilization in 8 levels and containers in 3 levels, through a completely randomized design with five repetitions. The plantlets were standardized with average height of 7,12 cm. The foliar fertilization was used in the urea, potassium chloride, boric acid, a commercial formulated with macro and micronutrients and witness (pulverization with water) and the containers were: polystyrene tray with 200 cells; small tubete with 115 cm³; and big tubete with 300 cm³. The substratum used for all the containers was the plantmax hortaliças®. The foliar area characteristics, plant height and dry mass of the aerial part and of the root at 140 days after planting were evaluated. All the foliar fertilizers, in all used containers, provided larger growth in foliar area, height and dry mass of the aerial part to the plantlets of the pineapple, however with different results. The foliar fertilizers do not increase the dry mass of the radicular system. The container polystyrene tray presents the smallest averages for foliar area, height and dry mass of the aerial part of the plantlets of the pineapple with all the foliar fertilizer. The containers small tubete and big tubete present similar results in all levels of foliar fertilizers