Nekdanja odlagališča odpadkov v vrtačah in gramoznicah

This volume (‘Former waste disposal sites in dolines and gravel pits’) presents former waste disposal sites in depressions (dolines and gravel pits) using relief analysis of the former and current landscape and based on comparing them with one another. A comprehensive methodological approach has been created called the three-dimensional (3D) model, which is used to detect and record unknown, hidden former waste disposal sites in depressions above sensitive aquifers. The research deals with the problem of former waste disposal sites from the viewpoint of discovering them, creating a registry, and studying noticeable surface effects on the landscape (relief, soil, and vegetation).Monografija predstavlja nekdanja odlagališča odpadkov v kotanjah (vrtače, gramoznice) z uporabo reliefne analize nekdanje in sedanje pokrajine ter na podlagi njune medsebojne primerjave. Z analizo reliefa smo na vzorčnih območjih Logaškega polja in Logaškega ravnika ter Ljubljanskega polja določili izhodiščno stanje vrtač in gramoznic pred njihovim zasipavanjem z odpadki. Dobljene rezultate smo preverjali s terenskim delom. Vzorčili (sondirali) smo prsti nad odpadki, na preseku zasutih kotanj smo merili električno upornost tal, s fitogeografskim popisom pa smo določili indikatorske rastline, ki so pokazatelj navzočnosti organskih odpadkov v kotanji. Rezultati terenskega preučevanja pomenijo nova izhodišča za bodoče geoinformacijske analize rastlinstva in prsti na odlagališčih odpadkov. Izsledki monografije so pomembna podlaga za morebitno izdelavo katastra nekdanjih odlagališč odpadkov na ravni celotne Slovenije, kjer je odprtih še veliko metodoloških izzivov, povezanih z različnimi tipi podatkov

Detection of former landfills in gravel plain using geomorphometric analysis and High-Resolution LiDAR DTM

The article represents the application of geomorphologic approach to discover the potential areas of buried waste in agricultural landscape of Ljubljana gravel plain. Some former waste disposal sites or landfills are underground sites characterized by heterogeneous old waste buried in formerly concave landforms: old inactive gravel pits or paleo-riverbeds. They form different types of anthropogenic landforms. They were primary recognized and located with the terrain visualization (analytical shading, hypsometry) of LiDAR data and in continuation with geomorphometric analysis and classification of fluvial terrain. Due to subsidence of heterogeneous waste, terrain of former landfill sites is bumpy and uncharacteristic of fluvial surface morfology or terrain. The geomorphometric analysis was applied to differentiate the anthropogenic landforms (gravel pits, filled gravel pits …) from natural alluvial landforms with combination of two geomorphometrics: multiresolution index of valley bottom flatness (MrVBF) and convergence index and high density LiDAR data. Result is the automatically derived classification of terrain in to three classes: (1) bumpy terrain, typical for areas with high terrain potential for landfill, (2) flat terrain, typical for dry paleo riverbeds and (3) »agricultural« terrain, typical for intensive fields and meadows. By comparing the results of geomorphometric analysis with the results of visual analysis the 26 of 46 visually detected anthropogenic landforms are overlapping the areas of high terrain potential for landfill and among these 8 objects were proved with geohistorical analysis of archive aerial photographs

Vegetation as the Bioindicator of Human-induced Degradation in Karst Landscape: Case Study of Waste-filled Dolines

Mismanagement practices, such as unsustainable waste disposal, created many degraded sites. In karst landscapes, old uncontrolled landfills are often located in dolines (sinkholes). Buried waste material in dolines represents degradation of landform, habitats and a potential danger of groundwater pollution. Buried waste provides heterogeneous ecological conditions on the surface, thus plant communities or individual plant species that developed on the surface of landfills can be used as a bioindicators of waste-filled doline sites and therefore indicators of land degradation. We aimed to discover the potential of vegetation to detect unknown locations of old dump-sites in suffusion dolines in Logaško polje (Dinaric Karst, Slovenia), either by plant communities or by plant species. We aimed to ascertain whether vegetation can indicate the dumping period by estimation of community succession stage. Locations and the age of waste-filled dolines (doline-dumps) were preliminary identified by a historical landscape study. Thus, we used time series of aerial photographs and digital photogrammetry tools for 3D modelling of historical terrain. Ecological evaluation was based on sampling the floristic composition of plots (5x5 m). We analysed ecological conditions by Ellenberg bioindicator values, structure by life history traits and naturalness by hemerobic levels of plants. We studied in detail 30 up to 50-years-old waste-filled dolines that are interspersed by dry and mesic grasslands. Ecological evaluation demonstrated that the main driver of ecological diversity at doline-dumps is the time at which the doline was backfilled and succession started. Annual and eutrophic communities dominate the youngest doline-dumps, middle aged doline-dumps are covered by nitrophilous perennial forbs and, finally, communities developed towards mesic grassland. We conclude that plant communities in combination with diagnostic plant species can be used as a bioindicators of doline-dumps in agricultural landscape of Logaško polje and can therefore indicate the sites of potential groundwater pollution sources but not the type of long-time buried waste.Key words: suffusion dolines, plant communities, waste dumping, Ellenberg indicator values, polje

Assessing the suitability of planned garden-plot areas in Ljubljana

This article examines garden plots in Ljubljana to present the planning of this self-sufficient vegetable production activity, which developed mostly spontaneously in all urban environments in and around Ljubljana. Some residents of Ljubljana, the Slovenian capital, are involved in this activity not so much because of economic necessity but because it provides recreation and relaxation, meets their need for direct contact with nature, and offers them an opportunity to produce healthy food. Typically, older people are involved in this activity, among which the number of highly educated people is unexpectedly high. The majority are happy with the plot-gardening situation. The city government has begun systematically removing garden plots in unsuitable locations, and has drafted a proposal to organize gardening areas in a way that does not pollute the environment, and at the same time provide them with suitable infrastructure. We evaluated the appropriateness of the planned locations in the draft City Municipality of Ljubljana Zoning Implementation Plan on the basis of the fulfillment of key exclusion and attraction criteria that were established based on survey answers included in support of the decision-making with the help of GIS tools. Decision-making by consensus, inclusion of public stakeholders, and establishing dialog between the city government and garden-plot users will need to be ensured in carrying out this plan

Central settlements in Slovenia in 2016

This article presents central settlements in Slovenia and their main characteristics in 2016. We defined central settlements based on services of general interest and the population of an individual settlement, and developed the analysis further by using competitiveness indicators. We defined 360 central settlements at six levels of centrality, among which the significance of Ljubljana as a national center of international importance and the significance of intermunicipal, local, and rural centers are increasing. The significance of certain regional centers at the second and third levels of centrality is decreasing. The level of services of general interest supplied to Slovenian territory is relatively appropriate, but it should be improved by promoting competitiveness, especially in centers of national and regional importance

Skrb za pitno vodo

Safeguarding Drinking WaterLjubljana's water resources lie in the immediate vicinity of built-up urban areas or even below them. For decades, they have been safeguarded as water-protection areas, which are specified by implementing regulations. However, formal protection through regulations is insufficient if the goal is to manage these sources in a sustainable manner. One of the most important goals of sustainable management is maintaining suitable provision of fresh drinking water without using any technological procedures toVodni viri mesta Ljubljane so v neposredni bližini pozidanih mestnih zemljišč ali celo pod njimi. Že desetletja jih varujejo vodovarstvena območja. Eden od najpomembnejših ciljev trajnostnega upravljanja je ohranjanje ustrezne oskrbe z naravno pitno vodo brez tehnoloških postopkov njene priprave, kar Ljubljančani uvrščajo visoko na lestvici vrednot življenja v glavnem mestu Slovenije. Upravljanje ogroženih vodnih virov v urbanih okoljih zahteva celosten pristop in stalne aktivnosti. S pomočjo računalniških orodij znamo sisteme simulirati in tako pridobiti dodatna védenja o njihovem delovanju. Ta so v pomoč pri dolgoročnih odločitvah ali na primer ob okoljskih nesrečah. Za ustrezno načrtovanje so potrebna strokovna orodja, ki omogočajo zanesljive, pregledne in kvantitativne ocene učinkov ukrepov. Razpolaganje z zanesljivimi ocenami stanja in napovedmi olajšuje delo odločevalcem in tudi komunikacijo med deležniki. Povezava v monografiji predstavljenih postopkov in rezultatov v sistem izvedljivega upravljanja z vodnimi viri v Ljubljani je dosežek, ki je lahko zgled številnim podobnim okoljem, ne le v Sloveniji, ampak tudi širše

Study of filled dolines by using 3D stereo image processing and electrical resistivity imaging

This article deals with doline degradation due to uncontrolled waste dumping in the past in the Logatec Polje in Slovenia. It introduces a concept for determining 3D geometric characteristics (shape, depth, radius, area, and volume) of formerly concave landforms (i.e., recently filled dolines) by using a combination of two methods: (1) photogrammetric stereo processing of archival aerial photographs and (2) electrical resistivity imaging (ERI). To represent, visualize, and study the characteristics of the former surface morphology (i.e., the dolines before they were filled), a digital terrain model (DTM) for 1972 (DTM1972) was made using digital photogrammetry processing of five sequential archival aerial photographs (1972, © GURS). DTM1972 was visually and quantitatively compared with the DTM5 of the recent surface morfology (DTM5, © GURS, 2006) in order to define areas of manmade terrain differences. In general, a circular area with a higher terrain difference is an indicator of a filled doline. The calculated terrain differences also indicate the thickness of buried waste material. Three case-study dolines were selected for 3D geometric analysis and tested in the field using ERI. ERI was used to determine the genetic type of the original doline, to confirm that the buried material in the doline is actually waste, and to ascertain opportunities for further study of water pollution due to waste leakage. Based on a comparison among the ERI sections obtained using various electrode arrays, it was concluded that the basins are actually past concave landforms (i.e., dolines) filled with mixed waste material having the lowest resistivity value (bellow 100 ohm-m), which differs measurably from the surrounding natural materials. The resistivity of hard stacked limestone is higher (above 1,000 ohm-m) than resistivity of cracked carbonate rocks with cracks filled with loamy clay sediments while in loamy alluvial sediment resistivity falls below 150 ohm-m. Nevertheless, the contrast is sufficient to confirm the landfilled waste in all studied dolines. Based on the resistivity values of buried waste and the proximity of furniture and paper factories in the Logatec Polje, it is assumed that the dolines are filled with organic waste, mostly wood material mixed with other waste (municipal, construction, and demolition waste), which causes the variability of electrical resistivity

Study of filled dolines by using 3D stereo image processing and electrical resistivity imaging

This article deals with doline degradation due to uncontrolled waste dumping in the past in the Logatec Polje in Slovenia. It introduces a concept for determining 3D geometric characteristics (shape, depth, radius, area, and volume) of formerly concave landforms (i.e., recently filled dolines) by using a combination of two methods: (1) photogrammetric stereo processing of archival aerial photographs and (2) electrical resistivity imaging (ERI). To represent, visualize, and study the characteristics of the former surface morphology (i.e., the dolines before they were filled), a digital terrain model (DTM) for 1972 (DTM1972) was made using digital photogrammetry processing of five sequential archival aerial photographs (1972, © GURS). DTM1972 was visually and quantitatively compared with the DTM5 of the recent surface morfology (DTM5, © GURS, 2006) in order to define areas of manmade terrain differences. In general, a circular area with a higher terrain difference is an indicator of a filled doline. The calculated terrain differences also indicate the thickness of buried waste material. Three case-study dolines were selected for 3D geometric analysis and tested in the field using ERI. ERI was used to determine the genetic type of the original doline, to confirm that the buried material in the doline is actually waste, and to ascertain opportunities for further study of water pollution due to waste leakage. Based on a comparison among the ERI sections obtained using various electrode arrays, it was concluded that the basins are actually past concave landforms (i.e., dolines) filled with mixed waste material having the lowest resistivity value (bellow 100 ohm-m), which differs measurably from the surrounding natural materials. The resistivity of hard stacked limestone is higher (above 1,000 ohm-m) than resistivity of cracked carbonate rocks with cracks filled with loamy clay sediments while in loamy alluvial sediment resistivity falls below 150 ohm-m. Nevertheless, the contrast is sufficient to confirm the landfilled waste in all studied dolines. Based on the resistivity values of buried waste and the proximity of furniture and paper factories in the Logatec Polje, it is assumed that the dolines are filled with organic waste, mostly wood material mixed with other waste (municipal, construction, and demolition waste), which causes the variability of electrical resistivity

Mapping War Geoheritage: Recognising Geomorphological Traces of War

In the topography of war landscapes the remains of war are found in the form of trenches, bombing craters and remnants of war infrastructure. Today war landscapes are “overlaid” by post-war “layers” of cultural landscapes. It requires non-invasive remote-sensing methods, e.g. time series of aerial photographs and high-resolution terrain models (LiDAR digital terrain model) to recognize these landscapes