Tolerância do feijoeiro a herbicidas aplicados na cultura da cana-de-açúcar

This work was aimed to evaluate the selectivity of main herbicides used in sugar cane crop applied in pre or post emergence conditions to common bean (“Jalo” Group – cultivar “Jalo Precoce”). In pre emergence modality the treatments evaluated consisted of: ametryn (2.500 g ha-1), tebuthiuron (800 g ha-1), [hexazinone + diuron] (237.6 + 842.4 g ha-1), metribuzin (1,440 g ha-1), clomazone (800 g ha-1), isoxaflutole (112.5 g ha-1), sulfentrazone (600 g ha-1), imazapic (105 g ha-1), trifluralin (1,800 g ha-1), S-metolachlor (1,920 g ha-1), and a check without herbicide application. In post emergence modality treatments evaluated were: MSMA (1,440 g ha-1), MSMA + diuron (1,080 + 420 g ha-1), [hexazinone + diuron] (237.6 + 842.4 g ha-1), metribuzin (1,440 g ha-1), ametryn (1,500 g ha-1), [ametryn + trifloxysulfuron sodium] (1,280 + 32.4 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112.5 g ha-1), 2.4-D (1,005 g ha-1) and mesotrione (120 g ha-1) besides a check without herbicide application. Phytointoxication, stand, plant height, wet and dry matter of shoots, number of plants at harvest, height of first pod insertion, and grain yield were evaluated. S-metolachlor, tebuthiuron, trifluralin and clomazone herbicides showed satisfactory selectivity to bean plants cv. Jalo Precoce, when applied in pre-emergence. However, ametryn [hexazinone + diuron], metribuzin, isoxaflutole, sulfentrazone and imazapic were not selective, even in pre-emergence applications. None of tested herbicides showed selectivity conditions for being used in post-emergence in one bean integrated cultivation system (cv. Jalo Precoce) in areas with sugar cane crop production.O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a seletividade dos principais herbicidas utilizados na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, aplicados em pré ou pós-emergência, ao feijão-comum (Grupo Jalo – cultivar Jalo Precoce). Na modalidade de pré-emergência os tratamentos avaliados foram: ametryn (2.500 g ha-1), tebuthiuron (800 g ha-1), [hexazinone + diuron] (237,6 + 842,4 g ha-1), metribuzin (1.440 g ha-1), clomazone (800 g ha-1), isoxaflutole (112,5 g ha-1), sulfentrazone (600 g ha-1), imazapic (105 g ha-1), trifluralin (1.800 g ha-1) e S-metolachlor (1.920 g ha-1), mais uma testemunha sem aplicação. Já na modalidade de pós-emergência os tratamentos foram: MSMA (1.440 g ha-1), MSMA + diuron (1.080 + 420 g ha-1), [hexazinone + diuron] (237,6 + 842,4 g ha-1), metribuzin (1.440 g ha-1), ametryn (1.500 g ha-1), [ametryn + trifloxysulfuron sodium] (1.280 + 32,4 g ha-1), halosulfuron (112,5 g ha-1), 2,4-D (1.005 g ha-1) e mesotrione (120 g ha-1), mais uma testemunha sem aplicação. Foram avaliadas a fitointoxicação, estande e altura de plantas, matéria verde e seca da parte aérea, número de plantas na colheita, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, além da produtividade. Os herbicidas S-metolachlor, tebuthiuron, trifluralin e clomazone apresentaram seletividade satisfatória às plantas de feijão cv. Jalo Precoce, quando aplicados em pré-emergência. No entanto, ametryn, [hexazinone + diuron], metribuzin, isoxaflutole, sulfentrazone e imazapic não foram seletivos, também em aplicações de pré-emergência. Nenhum dos herbicidas avaliados apresentou condições de seletividade para ser utilizado em pós-emergência em um sistema de cultivo integrado de feijão (cv. Jalo Precoce) em áreas de produção de cana-de-açúcar

Dry season and soil texture affect the chemical control of monocotyledonous in sugarcane

The chemical weed control in sugarcane during the wet season is more effective than the control carried out during the dry season. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides in the rainy season and in the dry season in sugarcane crop, and in different soil textural classes. The experiments simulated dry season and rainy season basing on periods of days in which experiment was submitted to irrigation restriction. In each experiment, it was tested 50 and 100% of the dose of the main herbicides commonly used in sugarcane to control B. decumbens, B. plantaginea, P. maximum and D. horizontalis. In general, in dry conditions, as well as varying the soil texture, there are restrictions in the choice of herbicide to be used due to the reduced effectiveness of some treatments in certain situations. In the very-clayey soil, especially in the dry season, the efficacy of herbicides is better, whereas, for the sandy-clay-loam soil in dry conditions, the effectiveness of herbicides is restricted. Thus, this study, despite the great complexity of the variables to be analyzed, permitted to establish guidelines for decision making on the most appropriate herbicide to be applied in each studied condition, in order to control these weed species.The chemical weed control in sugarcane during the wet season is more effective than the control carried out during the dry season. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of herbicides in the rainy season and in the dry season in sugarcane crop, and in different soil textural classes. The experiments simulated dry season and rainy season basing on periods of days in which experiment was submitted to irrigation restriction. In each experiment, it was tested 50 and 100% of the dose of the main herbicides commonly used in sugarcane to control B. decumbens, B. plantaginea, P. maximum and D. horizontalis. In general, in dry conditions, as well as varying the soil texture, there are restrictions in the choice of herbicide to be used due to the reduced effectiveness of some treatments in certain situations. In the very-clayey soil, especially in the dry season, the efficacy of herbicides is better, whereas, for the sandy-clay-loam soil in dry conditions, the effectiveness of herbicides is restricted. Thus, this study, despite the great complexity of the variables to be analyzed, permitted to establish guidelines for decision making on the most appropriate herbicide to be applied in each studied condition, in order to control these weed species

Reduction of interrow spacing in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production

The interrow spacing commonly used in cassava cultivation in Brazil, especially in the Agreste region of Alagoas, ranges from 100 to 120cm. However, the reduction in row spacing can provide agronomic and environmental benefits in cassava cropping systems. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the performance of two cassava varieties cultivated with reduced interrow spacing. Two experiments were conducted in the field, one in 2015/16 and another in 2017/18. A Split Plot design with four replications was used in both experiments. Four interrow spacing were evaluated in the main plot: 60, 80, 100 and 120cm, with plants spaced 60cm apart within rows, giving populations of 27,778, 20,833, 16,667 and 13,889 plants per hectare, respectively. In the subplots, two cassava varieties were evaluated: Caravela and Pretinha. An increase in interrow spacing promoted a linear reduction in the stem green mass of cassava. Plant height, leaf green mass, main stem diameter, root yield, tuberous root length, tuberous root diameter, flour percentage, flour yield, and starch content were not influenced by changes in interrow spacing. The Pretinha variety was superior to Caravela in the following evaluated traits: stem green mass, the diameter of tuberous roots, root yield, plant height, and flour yield. The results indicate the possibility of altering the interrow spacing in cassava to assist in the cultural management, without impacting crop yiel

Development And Grain Quality Of Soybean Cultivars Treated With Pyraclostrobin And Biostimulant

Products with physiological effects on plants to optimize agricultural production is increasingly used; they can change the development of plants and the chemical characteristics of seeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the development of soybean cultivars and the protein and oil contents of soybean grains after treatment with pyraclostrobin and biostimulant. The experiment was carried out with soybean crops without irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, with five replications, using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement consisting of three cultivars of different maturation times (very early, M6952IPRO; early M7739IPRO; and medium, ST797IPRO), and three treatments with products that cause physiological effects (control, pyraclostrobin, and control + biostimulant). The pod, leaf, and stem dry weights, number of pods, 100-grain weight, grain yield, and oil and protein contents of the soybean plants were evaluated. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and Tukey’s test at 5% probability. The effects of the products used (pyraclostrobin and biostimulant) vary according to the cultivar and may increase the soybean leaf and pod dry weights, and grain protein contents.Products with physiological effects on plants to optimize agricultural production is increasingly used; they can change the development of plants and the chemical characteristics of seeds. The objective of this work was to evaluate the development of soybean cultivars and the protein and oil contents of soybean grains after treatment with pyraclostrobin and biostimulant. The experiment was carried out with soybean crops without irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, with five replications, using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement consisting of three cultivars of different maturation times (very early, M6952IPRO; early M7739IPRO; and medium, ST797IPRO), and three treatments with products that cause physiological effects (control, pyraclostrobin, and control + biostimulant). The pod, leaf, and stem dry weights, number of pods, 100-grain weight, grain yield, and oil and protein contents of the soybean plants were evaluated. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and Tukey’s test at 5% probability. The effects of the products used (pyraclostrobin and biostimulant) vary according to the cultivar and may increase the soybean leaf and pod dry weights, and grain protein contents

Dry season and soil texture affect the chemical control of Senna obtusifolia in sugarcane

Devido às suas características intrínsecas, o fedegoso (Senna obtusifolia) tem ganhado importância em canaviais, principalmente onde há predomínio de palhada após a colheita mecânica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas pré-emergentes utilizados na cultura da cana-de-açúcar no controle de fedegoso em solos de diferentes texturas e épocas de aplicação. Foram realizados dois experimentos para cada época de aplicação (seca e úmida), sendo um para cada classe textural de solo (muito-argiloso e franco-argilo-arenoso), totalizando quatro experimentos. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por 17 herbicidas na época úmida e 11 herbicidas na época seca (todos os herbicidas foram aplicados em 50 e 100% da dose recomendada), além da testemunha sem aplicação para cada época e solo, sendo o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. O tipo de solo e a época de aplicação alteraram a eficiência dos herbicidas. Para a época úmida, inicialmente, todos os herbicidas, exceto trifluralin e s-metolachlor, resultaram em controle satisfatório de fedegoso. Tebuthiuron foi o herbicida que proporcionou maior período residual de controle. Para a época seca, amicarbazone, flumioxazin, hexazinone, imazapic, [diuron + hexazinone] F1 e isoxaflutole foram eficazes em ambos os solos, mas somente em avaliações iniciais; [diuron + hexazinone] F1 e amicarbazone foram os herbicidas que proporcionaram maior período residual de controle. Because of its intrinsic characteristics, sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia) has gained importance in sugarcane, especially where there is a predominance of straw after mechanical harvest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preemergence herbicides used in sugarcane to control sicklepod in different soil textures and application timings. Two experiments were carried out for each application season (dry and wet), and one experiment for each soil textural class (clay and sandy clay loam), totaling four experiments. The treatments consisted in 17 herbicides in the wet season and 11 herbicides in the dry season (all herbicides were applied at 50 and 100% of the recommended dose) and a check without application for each season and soil, and the design was completely randomized. Soil texture and application timing have altered the herbicide efficacy. For the wet season, initially, all herbicides, except trifluralin and s-metolachlor, resulted in satisfactory control of sicklepod. Tebuthiuron was the herbicide that provided the longest period of residual control. For the dry season, amicarbazone, flumioxazin, hexazinone, imazapic, [diuron + hexazinone] F1 and isoxaflutole were efficient in both soils, but only in initial evaluations; [diuron + hexazinone] F1 and amicarbazone were the herbicides that provided the longest period of residual control.

Tratamento de sementes com doses do bioestimulante à base de algas/ Seed treatment with doses of algae-based biostimulant

Grande parte dos trabalhos realizados com bioestimulantes em soja utilizam produtos sintéticos e/ou aplicações via foliar, entretanto pouco se conhece sobre a aplicação no tratamento de sementes de soja com produtos derivados de compostos naturais, como os derivados de extrato de algas. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de doses de um bioestimulante, derivado de extratos de algas, Radifarm®, na germinação e vigor das sementes, nas trocas gasosas e na nodulação de plantas de soja. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação e em laboratório. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com seis e quatro repetições, respectivamente, ambos com quatro tratamentos, correspondendo as doses do bioestimulante: 0,00; 0,05; 0,10; e 0,15 L 100 kg sementes-1. Observou-se aumento no comprimento da parte aérea das plantas e aumento na germinação das sementes com aumento da dose do bioestimulante até 0,09 L 100 kg sementes-1. Não foram constatados efeitos do bioestimulante nas trocas gasosas e na nodulação das plantas de soja. Por outro lado, o aumento das doses em condições de deterioração das sementes, ocasionou redução no percentual de plântulas normais. Em geral, o bioestimulanteapresentou potencial para uso no tratamento de sementes de soja

Aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam: Selectivity, control and fate in the environment

Os herbicidas aminocyclopyrachlor e indaziflam são duas novas moléculas que estão em fase de desenvolvimento no Brasil. Aminocyclopyrachlor é um mimetizador de auxina, e o indaziflam atua na biossíntese de parede celular e ambos apresentam grande potencial para controle de plantas daninhas em pré-emergência. O aminocyclopyrachlor é seletivo para espécies pertencentes à família Poaceae, enquanto que o indaziflam é pouco seletivo para culturas anuais, estando em desenvolvimento para culturas perenes. Embora apresentem características distintas de sorção ao solo, ambos herbicidas apresentam correlação positiva entre a sorção e o conteúdo de matéria orgânica. A longa persistência da atividade residual no solo das duas moléculas exige que ambas sejam utilizadas com cautela, em função do potencial de carryover.Aminocyclopyrachlor and indaziflam are two new molecules that are currently under development in Brazil. Aminocyclopyrachlor is an auxinic herbicide, and indaziflam acts in the biosynthesis of cell wall and both herbicides are expected to have great potential for pre-emergence weed control. Aminocyclopyrachlor is selective to the species belonging to the Poaceae family, while indaziflam is less selective for annual crops, and is under development for perennial crops. Although the two herbicides pose distinct properties related to sorption to soil, both present positive correlation between sorption and organic matter contents. The long persistence of residual activity in soil of these two molecules requires that they be used with caution, because of their carryover potential

Desempenho agronômico da soja cultivada em diferentes épocas e distribuição de plantas

Favorable periods to sowing as well as the spatial arrangement in which plants are found in the growing area are factors that directly influence soybean yield. The best equidistance between plants for a certain growing period may result in greater use of water, light and nutrients by plants. In this context, in two summer’s crops, two field trials were carried out in order to evaluate the agronomic performance of soybean grown at different sowing periods and spatial plant distribution. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design in subdivided plots with four replications. In the plots, four equidistant sowing periods of 15 days from October 3 (2014/15 and 2015/16) were allocated and in the subplots, we arranged, randomly, the traditional and narrow plant spacing (inter-row spacing of 0.5 m and 0.25 m, respectively). At harvest, morphological characteristics, yield components and grain yield were evaluated. The sowing time influenced the morphological characteristics and yield components of soybean. Delaying the sowing season provided lower grain yields. Soybean cultivars behave differently in relation to the reduction of sowing inter-row spacing. BMX Desafio RR® presented higher yield when cultivated in 0.25 m inter-row spacing compared to traditional spacing (0.5 m).Períodos favoráveis à semeadura bem como a disposição espacial em que plantas se encontram na área de cultivo são fatores que influenciam diretamente a produtividade da soja. A melhor equidistância entre plantas para determinada época de cultivo pode resultar em maior aproveitamento de água, luz e nutrientes. Nesse contexto, por duas safras agrícolas de verão contínuas, foram realizados experimentos de campo com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agronômico da soja semeada em diferentes épocas e distribuição espacial de plantas. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, foram alocadas quatro épocas de semeadura equidistantes de 15 dias a partir de 3 de outubro (2014/15 e 2015/16) e nas subparcelas foram dispostos, aleatoriamente, os espaçamentos entre linhas de semeadura de 0,5 e 0,25 m (tradicional e adensado, respectivamente). Na colheita, avaliaram-se características morfológicas, componentes do rendimento e a produtividade de grãos. A época de semeadura influenciou as características morfológicas e componentes do rendimento da soja. O retardamento da época de semeadura proporcionou menores rendimentos de grãos. As cultivares de soja se comportaram de maneira distinta quanto à redução no espaçamento entre linhas. A BMX Desafio RR® apresentou maior produtividade quando cultivada em espaçamento entre linhas de 0,25 m em relação ao tradicional (0,5 m)

CONTROLE DE SOJA VOLUNTÁRIA COM HERBICIDAS REGISTRADOS PARA ALGODOEIRO

In part of the Midwest region of Brazil, cotton has been grown in second crop, sown aftersoybean harvest. In these areas, the occurrence of voluntary soybean plants has beencommon, interfering in the development of cotton crop. In this sense, the objective of thiswork was to evaluate the effectiveness of herbicides applied post-emergence in cotton forthe control of voluntary soybeans containing different transgenics. Two experiments werecarried out in a greenhouse, using a soybean cultivar with Liberty Link® technology (LL®),which confers tolerance to glufosinate, and the other Roundup Ready® (RR®) cultivar,which has tolerance to glyphosate. In both experiments, a randomized completely blockdesign was used, in a 7 x 2 factorial arrangement, with 4 replications. The first factorconsisted of herbicides registered for cotton: 2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, pyrithiobac,trifloxysulfuron, S-metolachlor, in addition to a control without application; while thesecond factor consisted of the association or not with glufosinate. To assess the performanceof herbicide treatments, evaluations were made of the percentage of control, height andshoot dry mass of soybean plants. For LL® voluntary soybeans, dicamba and glyphosatealone, in addition to the association of glufosinate with dicamba, 2,4-D or glyphosate, theyconsisted of the most effective treatments, providing control levels above 80.0%. For RR®soybeans, dicamba, trifloxysulfuron and 2,4-D isolated showed efficacy in the control ofvoluntary plants, with increases in control levels being seen when the addition ofglufosinate was applied to the spray solution of these herbicides.Em parte da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil o algodoeiro tem sido cultivado em segundasafra, semeado após a colheita de soja. Nestas áreas, tem sido comum a ocorrência deplantas voluntárias de soja interferindo no desenvolvimento do algodoeiro. Neste sentido, oobjetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência noalgodoeiro para o controle de soja voluntária contendo diferentes transgenias. Doisexperimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, utilizando um cultivar de soja comtecnologia Liberty Link® (LL®), que confere tolerância ao glufosinate, e no outro cultivarRoundup Ready® (RR®), que possui tolerância ao glyphosate. Em ambos os experimentosfoi utilizado o delineamento de blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 7 x 2, com 4repetições. O primeiro fator foi constituído por herbicidas registrados para o algodoeiro:2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, pyrithiobac, trifloxysulfuron, S-metolachlor, além de umatestemunha sem aplicação; enquanto que o segundo fator consistiu da associação ou nãocom o glufosinate. Para aferir o desempenho dos tratamentos herbicidas, foram realizadasavaliações de porcentagem de controle, altura e massa seca de parte aérea das plantas desoja. Para soja voluntária LL®, dicamba e glyphosate isolados, além da associação deglufosinate com dicamba, 2,4-D ou glyphosate, consistiram nos tratamentos com maioreficácia, proporcionando níveis de controle acima de 80,0%. Para a soja RR®, dicamba,trifloxysulfuron e 2,4-D isolados apresentaram eficácia no controle das plantas voluntárias,visualizando-se incrementos nos níveis de controle quando se procedeu a adição deglufosinate à calda de aplicação destes herbicidas