The Lost Emerald Mines of Ecuador: Contrasting Patterns of Emerald Use in Native South America

The author presents evidence for a now-lost Pre-Columbian emerald source within the territory of present day Ecuador

Metallurgy and anthropology: two studies from prehispanic America

Los únicos elementos que diferencian los objetos de metalurgia de otros artefactos culturales son la materia prima y la tecnología de fabricación. Muchos arqueometalurgistas han exagerado el énfasis en los aspectos técnicos ignorando los problemas culturales, que son mayores. Este artículo examina algunas perspectivas "antropológicas" (no tecnológicas) para el estudio de la metalurgia prehispánic

Cerámica Buga: reevaluación

El término cerámica Buga fue utilizado por primera vez en un informe preliminar de la investigación llevada a cabo en el Valle del Cauca durante 1964 (Bray y Moseley, 1971). La mayoría del material encontrado ese año pudo ser asignado sin dificultad, bien a la fase Yotoco (1er. milenio D.C.) o a la subsiguiente fase Sonso (c. siglo 12 hasta la Conquista), pero hubo un grupo de vasijas que no encajó fácilmente en esta secuencia. A esta cerámica anómala se le dio el nombre de cerámica Buga. Se incluían varios ajuares de tumbas obtenidos en el valle del Cauca y en la cordillera Central, pero este tipo de alfarería aparentemente no se presentó en nuestras excavaciones en sitios de habitación, aunque, hay que admitirlo, es notablemente difícil de reconocer a partir de tiestos únicamente. Algunos elementos decorativos sugerían que la cerámica Buga estaba relacionada de alguna manera con la Sonso, pero en ausencia de material fechado obtenido en excavaciones controladas, la naturaleza de la relación era poco clara. Como medida provisional, la cerámica Buga se colocó en una categoría aparte, con la esperanza de que futuras investigaciones resolverían el problema de su edad y filiación cultural. Tuvimos cuidado en 1971 de no referirnos ni a una "cultura Buga" ni a una "fase Buga". &nbsp

Cruzando el tapón del Darién: Una visión de la arqueología del Istmo desde la perspectiva colombiana

En este artículo no pretendo hacer un repaso exhaustivo de la arqueología colombiana. Mi propósito es analizar los aspectos de la prehistoria colombiana que influyeron sobre los desarrollos del Istmo y proponer al mismo tiempo un modelo para describir la naturaleza de la relación entre estas dos áreas. El objeto de mi interés son las tierras bajas que se extienden desde Urabá hasta Venezuela. Mi punto de partida es la situación descrita por los cronistas españoles del siglo XVI, ya que creo que, tratándose de un modelo antiguo, sirve para interpretar los datos puramente arqueológicos de períodos anteriores -aunque sea sólo porque pone de manifiesto las dificultades y limitaciones de la evidencia-

Reconstruyendo el pasado en Calima. Resultados recientes

Han pasado cinco años desde la aparición de la última reseña extensa sobre la región Calima (Herrera et al, 1984). La publicación de un número del Boletín del Museo del Oro, dedicado a la arqueología de Calima y regiones vecinas, es una ocasión apropiada para examinar los logros de estos últimos años y para comparar el estado de nuestros conocimientos en aquel entonces con los de hoy en día. Está armado, en gran parte, el marco general de cronología y periodización; nos encontramos ahora ante la fascinante tarea de ponerle cuerpo al esqueleto. Podemos, finalmente, permitirnos el lujo de escribir sobre aspectos específicos de una determinada cultura, tales como sus nexos con vecinos emparentados del mismo período por ejemplo, Bray, Gahwiler-Walder, Rodríguez, quienes investigan varios aspectos de lo que Bray propone llamar " la tradición" o "serie Sonsoide" (o como ciertos aspectos de la cultura material por ejemplo, el artículo de Cardale de Schrimpff et a l. sobre la orfebrería llama y sus diferencias con la orfebrería Yotoco, mucho más conocida). Estos logros han sido posibles gracias a circunstancias favorables que han permitido a varios arqueólogos investigar sobre la región durante períodos prolongados.   &nbsp

Ornamentos y máscaras de oro de la cultura Ilama, metalurgia del periodo formativo tardio en la cordillera occidental colombiana

En estudios recientes Plazas y Falchetti (1983, 1986) han hecho énfasis en la existencia de una tradición de orfebrería en el suroccidente colombiano durante gran parte del primer milenio de la era cristiana. En varios de los estilos regionales que florecieron en el suroccidente durante dicha época se aprecian una serie de formas y técnicas comunes. Entre los estilos regionales que conforman esta provincia están aquellos que se concentran en la costa pacífica (Tumaco y Esmeraldas), en el macizo montañoso (Nariño, San Agustín, Tierradentro) y en el valle del alto Magdalena (Tolima), además de un área bastante extensa de la cordillera Occidental alrededor de la región Calima. También se observan vínculos fuertes con el estilo Quimbaya clásico del valle del Cauca medio. &nbsp

Developing a core outcome set for the health outcomes for children and adults with congenital oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula:OCELOT task group study protocol

Introduction Heterogeneity in reported outcomes of infants with oesophageal atresia (OA) with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) prevents effective data pooling. Core outcome sets (COS) have been developed for many conditions to standardise outcome reporting, facilitate meta-analysis and improve the relevance of research for patients and families. Our aim is to develop an internationally-agreed, comprehensive COS for OA-TOF, relevant from birth through to transition and adulthood. Methods and analysis A long list of outcomes will be generated using (1) a systematic review of existing studies on OA-TOF and (2) qualitative research with children (patients), adults (patients) and families involving focus groups, semistructured interviews and self-reported outcome activity packs. A two-phase Delphi survey will then be completed by four key stakeholder groups: (1) patients (paediatric and adult); (2) families; (3) healthcare professionals; and (4) researchers. Phase I will include stakeholders individually rating the importance and relevance of each long-listed outcome using a 9-point Likert scale, with the option to suggest additional outcomes not already included. During phase II, stakeholders will review summarised results from phase I relative to their own initial score and then will be asked to rescore the outcome based on this information. Responses from phase II will be summarised using descriptive statistics and a predefined definition of consensus for inclusion or exclusion of outcomes. Following the Delphi process, stakeholder experts will be invited to review data at a consensus meeting and agree on a COS for OA-TOF. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was sought through the Health Research Authority via the Integrated Research Application System, registration no. 297026. However, approval was deemed not to be required, so study sponsorship and oversight were provided by Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust. The study has been prospectively registered with the COMET Initiative. The study will be published in an open access forum.</p

Developing a core outcome set for the health outcomes for children and adults with congenital oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula: OCELOT task group study protocol

Introduction: Heterogeneity in reported outcomes of infants with oesophageal atresia (OA) with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) prevents effective data pooling. Core outcome sets (COS) have been developed for many conditions to standardise outcome reporting, facilitate meta-analysis and improve the relevance of research for patients and families. Our aim is to develop an internationally-agreed, comprehensive COS for OA-TOF, relevant from birth through to transition and adulthood. Methods and analysis: A long list of outcomes will be generated using (1) a systematic review of existing studies on OA-TOF and (2) qualitative research with children (patients), adults (patients) and families involving focus groups, semistructured interviews and self-reported outcome activity packs. A two-phase Delphi survey will then be completed by four key stakeholder groups: (1) patients (paediatric and adult); (2) families; (3) healthcare professionals; and (4) researchers. Phase I will include stakeholders individually rating the importance and relevance of each long-listed outcome using a 9-point Likert scale, with the option to suggest additional outcomes not already included. During phase II, stakeholders will review summarised results from phase I relative to their own initial score and then will be asked to rescore the outcome based on this information. Responses from phase II will be summarised using descriptive statistics and a predefined definition of consensus for inclusion or exclusion of outcomes. Following the Delphi process, stakeholder experts will be invited to review data at a consensus meeting and agree on a COS for OA-TOF. Ethics and dissemination: Ethical approval was sought through the Health Research Authority via the Integrated Research Application System, registration no. 297026. However, approval was deemed not to be required, so study sponsorship and oversight were provided by Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust. The study has been prospectively registered with the COMET Initiative. The study will be published in an open access forum

Developing a core outcome set for the health outcomes for children and adults with congenital oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula:OCELOT task group study protocol

Introduction Heterogeneity in reported outcomes of infants with oesophageal atresia (OA) with or without tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) prevents effective data pooling. Core outcome sets (COS) have been developed for many conditions to standardise outcome reporting, facilitate meta-analysis and improve the relevance of research for patients and families. Our aim is to develop an internationally-agreed, comprehensive COS for OA-TOF, relevant from birth through to transition and adulthood. Methods and analysis A long list of outcomes will be generated using (1) a systematic review of existing studies on OA-TOF and (2) qualitative research with children (patients), adults (patients) and families involving focus groups, semistructured interviews and self-reported outcome activity packs. A two-phase Delphi survey will then be completed by four key stakeholder groups: (1) patients (paediatric and adult); (2) families; (3) healthcare professionals; and (4) researchers. Phase I will include stakeholders individually rating the importance and relevance of each long-listed outcome using a 9-point Likert scale, with the option to suggest additional outcomes not already included. During phase II, stakeholders will review summarised results from phase I relative to their own initial score and then will be asked to rescore the outcome based on this information. Responses from phase II will be summarised using descriptive statistics and a predefined definition of consensus for inclusion or exclusion of outcomes. Following the Delphi process, stakeholder experts will be invited to review data at a consensus meeting and agree on a COS for OA-TOF. Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval was sought through the Health Research Authority via the Integrated Research Application System, registration no. 297026. However, approval was deemed not to be required, so study sponsorship and oversight were provided by Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust. The study has been prospectively registered with the COMET Initiative. The study will be published in an open access forum.</p