Taxation, public services, and the informal sector in a model of endogenous growth

Large informal sectors are an important characteristic of developing countries. The authors build a dynamic model in which the informal sector exists when overregulation (high tax rates and high cost for entering the formal sector) is coupled with an inefficient and corrupt system of compliance control. They consider a production technology in which public services are essential and subject to congestion. The public services are financed by taxes collected from the formal sector. Informal producers evade taxes and, because of their illegal status, can use only some public services, cannot use capital or insurance markets, and are subject to stochastic penalties. The authors find that the relative size of the informal sector is negatively related to the severity of the penalties and positively related to tax rates and the extent of informal use of public services. They also find that economies with larger informal sectors have lower capital return and growth rates because the contribution of public services to productivity decreases with informality. They argue that self-interested bureaucracies create an economic environment that makes informality attractive or simply unavoidable because they profit from the presence of the informal sector.Economic Theory&Research,Banks&Banking Reform,Poverty Assessment,Environmental Economics&Policies,National Governance

Multi-homing tunnel broker

A proper support for communications has to provide fault tolerance capabilities such as the preservation of established connections in case of failures. Multihoming addresses this issue, but the currently available solution based in massive BGP route injection presents serious scalability limitations, since it contributes to the exponential growth of the BGP table size. An alternative solution based on the configuration of tunnels between the multihomed site exit routers and the ISP border routers has been proposed for IPv6 in RFC 3178. However, the amount of manual configuration imposed by this solution on the ISP side prevents its wide adoption. In particular, this solution requires at the ISP the manual configuration of a tunnel endpoint per each multihomed client that it serves. We present a multihoming tunnel broker (MHTB) that provides automatic creation of the tunnel endpoint at the ISP side.This work was supported by the SAM (Advanced Servers with Mobility)project, funded by the Spanish National research and Development Programme as TIC2002-04531-C04-03.Publicad

Preserving Established Communications in IPv6 Multi-homed Sites with MEX

This research was supported by the SAM (Advanced Mobility Services) project, funded by the Spanish National R&D Programme under contract MCYT TIC2002-04531-C04-03.A proper support for multimedia communications transport has to provide fault tolerance capabilities such as the preservation of established connections in case of failures. While multi-homing addresses this issue, the currently available solution based in massive BGP route injection presents serious scalability limitations, since it contributes to the exponential growth of the BGP table size. Alternative solutions proposed for IPv6 fail to provide equivalent facilities to the current BGP based solution. In this paper we present MEX (Muti-homing through EXtension header) a novel proposal for the provision of IPv6 multi-homing capabilities. MEX preserves overall scalability by storing alternative route information in end-hosts while at the same time reduces packet loss by allowing routers to re-route in-course packets. This behavior is enabled by conveying alternative route information within packets inside a newly defined Extension Header. The resulting system provides fault tolerance capabilities and preserves scalability, while the incurred costs, namely deployment and packet overhead, are only imposed to those that benefit from it. An implementation of the MEX host and router components is also presented.Publicad

End-Site Routing Support for IPv6 Multihoming

Multihoming is currently widely used to provide fault tolerance and traffic engineering capabilities. It is expected that, as telecommunication costs decrease, its adoption will become more and more prevalent. Current multihoming support is not designed to scale up to the expected number of multihomed sites, so alternative solutions are required, especially for IPv6. In order to preserve interdomain routing scalability, the new multihoming solution has to be compatible with Provider Aggregatable addressing. However, such addressing scheme imposes the configuration of multiple prefixes in multihomed sites, which in turn causes several operational difficulties within those sites that may even result in communication failures when all the ISPs are working properly. In this paper we propose the adoption of Source Address Dependent routing within the multihomed site to overcome the identified difficulties.Publicad

On the specificity of renin

originalFil: Fasciolo, Juan C.. Instituto de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Leloir, Luis Federico. Instituto de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Muñoz, Juan M.. Instituto de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Braun Menéndez, Eduardo. Instituto de Fisiología. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaBlanco y negro3 páginas en pdfLFL-PI-O-ART. Artículos científicosUnidad documental simpleAR-HYL-201

Assessing real world imagery in virtual environments for people with cognitive disabilities

People with cognitive disabilities are often socially excluded. We propose a system based on Virtual and Augmented Reality that has the potential to act as an educational and support tool in everyday tasks for people with cognitive disabilities. Our solution consists of two components: the first that enables users to train for several essential quotidian activities and the second that is meant to offer real time guidance feedback for immediate support. In order to illustrate the functionality of our proposed system, we chose to train and support navigation skills. Thus, we conducted a preliminary study on people with Down Syndrome (DS) based on a navigation task. Our experiment was aimed at evaluating the visual and spatial perception of people with DS when interacting with different elements of our system. We provide a preliminary evaluation that illustrates how people with DS perceive different landmarks and types of visual feedback, in static images and videos. Although we focused our study on people with DS, people with different cognitive disabilities could also benefit from the features of our solution. This analysis is mandatory in the design of a virtual intelligent system with several functionalities that aims at helping disabled people in developing basic knowledge in every day tasks

Complete resolution of gastric amyloidosis after autologous stem cell transplantation.

A 48-year-old female with multiple myeloma (MM) and amyloidosis presented with massive upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding one week after autologous stem cell transplantation (autologous-SCT). Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) demonstrated necrotic, purple, pigmented, friable lesions throughout the stomach (Figure 1a), along with a bleeding ulcer in the cardia (Figure 1b, Video 1) which was successfully treated with epinephrine (1:10,000) injections. Biopsies demonstrated nodular amyloid deposition (Figures 2) which was Congo red positive. The patient had no further hematemesis and was discharged home 4 days later. Ten months after autologous-SCT, EGD revealed a normal stomach (Figure 3, Video 2) with no histologic evidence of amyloid

Structural Verification and Modeling of a Tension Cone Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator

Verification analyses were conducted on membrane structures pertaining to a tension cone inflatable aerodynamic decelerator using the analysis code LS-DYNA. The responses of three structures - a cylinder, torus, and tension shell - were compared against linear theory for various loading cases. Stress distribution, buckling behavior, and wrinkling behavior were investigated. In general, agreement between theory and LS-DYNA was very good for all cases investigated. These verification cases exposed the important effects of using a linear elastic liner in membrane structures under compression. Finally, a tension cone wind tunnel test article is modeled in LS-DYNA for which preliminary results are presented. Unlike data from supersonic wind tunnel testing, the segmented tension shell and torus experienced oscillatory behavior when subjected to a steady aerodynamic pressure distribution. This work is presented as a work in progress towards development of a fluid-structures interaction mechanism to investigate aeroelastic behavior of inflatable aerodynamic decelerators

El patrimonio fundacional: Aportación y control de gestión

El objeto de este trabajo es el análisis de la normativa jurídico privada que regula el patrimonio de las fundaciones en el Derecho español, en lo que respecta a su aportación por parte del fundador y a los controles públicos de su gestión por parte del patronato. El análisis tiene un carácter fundamentalmente dogmático y ese carácter condicionará el método y el contenido del trabajo, que parte del texto legal vigente y evita su explicación en una sede diversa a la puramente normativa, sea esta histórica, económica o sociológica. El trabajo se divide en dos partes: la primera destinada a 1 estudio de la dotación y la segunda al control de la gestión patrimonial. En la primera parte se aborda el tema de la irrevocabilidad del negocio jurídico fundacional y del desplazamiento patrimonial. También se analizan los puntos regulados por la Ley de Fundaciones con mayor atención a los controvertibles. Se revisan las formas de aportación y de aumento de dotación. La segunda parte aborda la regulación legal que determina el sistema de control de la gestión del patrimonio fundacional, se analizan las normas que regulan de modo específico aspectos concretos de la gestión del patrimonio. Se analiza la enajenación y gravamen de los bienes fundacionales y las normas que regulan la adquisición de bienes a título gratuito, en la adquisición de participaciones de sociedades mercantiles. Se analiza la regulación legal del destino de rentas e ingresos de la fundación, el fenómeno de la autocontratación y el estudio de la responsabilidad patrimonial de las fundaciones.Doctorado en Derecho. Programa en Derecho GeneralPresidente: Jose María Miquel González.- Secretario: Antonio Cabanillas Sánchez.- Vocal: Carlos Maluquer de Motes Bernet, José María de la Cuesta Sáez, Ana Cañizares Las