Labour markets in Poland and Hungary five years from the start of transition: Evidence from monthly data

This paper presents error correction estimates of a simple interdependent model of the labour market using monthly data over 1990-1994 for the industrial sector in Poland and Hungary. The aim is to investigate three issues in the performance of labour markets during transition. First, is there a stable labour market equilibrium or do high unemployment rates across the region indicate hysteresis? Second, has the intensity of employment adjustment increased with progress in institutional reforms that strengthened corporate governance at the enterprise level? Third, what governs the evolution of real wages and to what extent is there evidence for strong insider power in the labour market? The results reveal striking differences between Poland and Hungary. The former exhibits hysteresis and evidence for considerable insider power while the latter has experienced adjustment towards a stable labour market equilibrium. The intensity of adjustment, however, is high in both countries over the sample period and fails to respond to the initiation of institutional reforms.Hysteresis,Adjustment Intensity,Insider Power

Making sense of the J-curve: Capital utilisation, output, and total factor productivity in Polish industry 1990 - 1993

The economies of Central and Eastern Europe are undergoing a period of rapid structural change. The general pattern confirms to the J-curve anticipated by several observers at the start of transition. This paper conceptualises the J-curve as the result of a combination of two factors. First, real energy price increases render parts of the capital stock obsolete, due to complementarity between capital and energy in the short run. Second, demand shifts and to a lesser extent efficiency improvements induced by increases in competition cause dramatic changes in total factor productivity. The paper shows for the case of Polish industry that 43 per cent of the capital stock was rendered obsolete over the 1990-1993 period. Total factor productivity fell by 11 per cent in 1990 but had increased to 17 per cent above the 1989 level by 1993. As the capital stock is gradually rebuilt, improvements in efficiency will guarantee an output level higher than before the start of transition.capital ultilisation,efficiency,J-curve,Poland

Labour markets in Poland and Hungary five years from the start of transition: Evidence from monthly data

This paper presents error correction estimates of a simple interdependent model of the labour market using monthly data over 1990-1994 for the industrial sector in Poland and Hungary. The aim is to investigate three issues in the performance of labour markets during transition. First, is there a stable labour market equilibrium or do high unemployment rates across the region indicate hysteresis? Second, has the intensity of employment adjustment increased with progress in institutional reforms that strengthened corporate governance at the enterprise level? Third, what governs the evolution of real wages and to what extent is there evidence for strong insider power in the labour market? The results reveal striking differences between Poland and Hungary. The former exhibits hysteresis and evidence for considerable insider power while the latter has experienced adjustment towards a stable labour market equilibrium. The intensity of adjustment, however, is high in both countries over the sample period and fails to respond to the initiation of institutional reforms

Price setting in international markets

In this paper, an oligopolistic framework in which goods and market characteristics can be varied parametrically, is used to explain passthrough of prices as a reaction to exchange rate or cost changes. Price setting is compared between different markets, for the same product and between different producers in the same market. The aim of this paper is to account for these price differentials by analyzing the contributions of all relevant factors in order to explain differences across sectors

Making sense of the J-curve: Capital utilisation, output, and total factor productivity in Polish industry 1990-1993

The economies of Central and Eastern Europe are undergoing a period of rapid structural change. The general pattern confirms to the J-curve anticipated by several observers at the start of transition. This paper conceptualises the J-curve as the result of a combination of two factors. First, real energy price increases render parts of the capital stock obsolete, due to complementarity between capital and energy in the short run. Second, demand shifts and to a lesser extent efficiency improvements induced by increases in competition cause dramatic changes in total factor productivity. The paper shows for the case of Polish industry that 43 per cent of the capital stock was rendered obsolete over the 1990-1993 period. Total factor productivity fell by 11 per cent in 1990 but had increased to 17 per cent above the 1989 level by 1993. As the capital stock is gradually rebuilt, improvements in efficiency will guarantee an output level higher than before the start of transition

Approaches for coupled numerical simulation of high frequency tube welding process

Welding processes and installations used nowadays are mainly developed on practical experience and analytical calculations. Nevertheless, high frequency induction tube welding is a very complex three-dimensional dynamic process, where the electromagnetic and thermal characteristics are distributed not only in space but in time as well. A more profound detailed investigation of the induction tube welding process can be only done by numerical modelling. Full and local three-dimensional transient numerical models of induction tube welding process with continuous movement of the welded tube have been developed and tested. Coupled electromagnetic and thermal analyses are carried out at each time step of simulation for correction of temperature dependent material properties. Voltage or current of the induction coil can be individually input into electromagnetic analysis at each time step. This approach allows simulating “quasi” steady-state and transient operation modes

Quantum communication through a spin chain with interaction determined by a Jacobi matrix

We obtain the time-dependent correlation function describing the evolution of a single spin excitation state in a linear spin chain with isotropic nearest-neighbour XY coupling, where the Hamiltonian is related to the Jacobi matrix of a set of orthogonal polynomials. For the Krawtchouk polynomial case an arbitrary element of the correlation function is expressed in a simple closed form. Its asymptotic limit corresponds to the Jacobi matrix of the Charlier polynomial, and may be understood as a unitary evolution resulting from a Heisenberg group element. Correlation functions for Hamiltonians corresponding to Jacobi matrices for the Hahn, dual Hahn and Racah polynomials are also studied. For the Hahn polynomials we obtain the general correlation function, some of its special cases, and the limit related to the Meixner polynomials, where the su(1,1) algebra describes the underlying symmetry. For the cases of dual Hahn and Racah polynomials the general expressions of the correlation functions contain summations which are not of hypergeometric type. Simplifications, however, occur in special cases

Charge separation in an acceptor–donor–acceptor triad material with a lamellar structure

Linking covalently both electron donor and acceptor components is an efficient way to gain thermodynamic control over the formation of well-ordered heterojunction materials suitable for organic photovoltaics. In this context, we attached flexible polymer segments to the termini of a (perylene bisimide)–quaterthiophene–(perylene bisimide) triad. The microphase segregation of the resulting coil-rod-coil architecture served to reliably promote the formation of lamellar phases. The lamellae were oriented vertically relative to the substrate, and they could be laterally aligned by mechanical rubbing, as determined by small and wide angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction and AFM. Transient absorption spectroscopy revealed that light absorption was followed by charge separation and that charge recombination was slower in thin films than for solution-phase samples, especially when longer side chains were used. Thus, this study is a first step towards reliable lamellar phase segregation in donor–acceptor materials on the route towards improved materials for organic photovoltaics

International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force Consensus Proposal: Diagnostic approach to epilepsy in dogs

This article outlines the consensus proposal on diagnosis of epilepsy in dogs by the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force. The aim of this consensus proposal is to improve consistency in the diagnosis of epilepsy in the clinical and research settings. The diagnostic approach to the patient presenting with a history of suspected epileptic seizures incorporates two fundamental steps: to establish if the events the animal is demonstrating truly represent epileptic seizures and if so, to identify their underlying cause. Differentiation of epileptic seizures from other non-epileptic episodic paroxysmal events can be challenging. Criteria that can be used to make this differentiation are presented in detail and discussed. Criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic epilepsy (IE) are described in a three-tier system. Tier I confidence level for the diagnosis of IE is based on a history of two or more unprovoked epileptic seizures occurring at least 24 h apart, age at epileptic seizure onset of between six months and six years, unremarkable inter-ictal physical and neurological examination, and no significant abnormalities on minimum data base blood tests and urinalysis. Tier II confidence level for the diagnosis of IE is based on the factors listed in tier I and unremarkable fasting and post-prandial bile acids, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain (based on an epilepsy-specific brain MRI protocol) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Tier III confidence level for the diagnosis of IE is based on the factors listed in tier I and II and identification of electroencephalographic abnormalities characteristic for seizure disorders. The authors recommend performing MRI of the brain and routine CSF analysis, after exclusion of reactive seizures, in dogs with age at epileptic seizure onset 6 years, inter-ictal neurological abnormalities consistent with intracranial neurolocalisation, status epilepticus or cluster seizure at epileptic seizure onset, or a previous presumptive diagnosis of IE and drug-resistance with a single antiepileptic drug titrated to the highest tolerable dose

Обоснование технологии гидравлического разрыва пласта на примере Приобского нефтяного месторождения (ХМАО)

В данной работе представленны обоснования технологии гидравлического разрыва пласта в низкопродуктивных пластах Приобского месторождения. В результате было предложено проведение многостадийного ГРП с увеличением стадий до 8 и на основе углеводородного геля.This paper presents the substantiation of the technology of hydraulic fracturing in low-productive formations of the Priobskoye field. As a result, it was proposed to conduct a multi-stage hydraulic fracturing with an increase in stages up to 8 and based on a hydrocarbon gel