Isoliquiritigenin, a Strong nod Gene- and Glyceollin Resistance- Inducing Flavonoid from Soybean Root Exudate

Isoflavonoid signal molecules from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed and root exudate induce the transcription of nodulation (nod) genes in Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In this study, a new compound with symbiotic activity was isolated from soybean root exudate. The isolated 2',4',4-trihydroxychalcone (isoliquiritigenin) is characterized by its strong inducing activity for the nod genes of B. japonicum. These genes are already induced at concentrations 1 order of magnitude below those required of the previously described isoflavonoid inducers genistein and daidzein. Isoliquiritigenin is also a potent inducer of glyceollin resistance in B. japonicum, which renders this bacterium insensitive to potentially bactericidal concentrations of glyceollin, the phytoalexin of G. max. No chemotactic effect of isoliquiritigenin was observed. The highly efficient induction of nod genes and glyceollin resistance by isoliquiritigenin suggests the ecological significance of this compound, although it is not a major flavonoid constituent of the soybean root exudate in quantitative terms

Genome-wide prediction of testcross performance and phenotypic stability for important agronomic and quality traits in elite hybrid rye (Secale cereale L.)

Genomic selection offers a greater potential for improving complex, quantitative traits in winter rye than marker-assisted selection. Prediction accuracies for grain yield for unrelated test populations have, however, to be improved. Nevertheless, they are already favorable for selecting phenotypic stability of quality traits.Zusammenfassend zeigte die genomische Selektion ein größeres Potential für die Verbesserung von komplexen, quantitativen Merkmalen in Winterroggen als die markergestützte Selektion. Allerdings müssen die Vorhersagegenauigkeiten für nicht-verwandte Genotypen noch deutlich verbessert werden. Sie sind jetzt schon vorteilhaft für die Vorhersage der phänotypischen Stabilität von Qualitätsmerkmalen

Socio-philosophical understanding of legal reality diversity

Цель статьи - обосновать актуальность проблемы социально-философского осмысления правовой реальности. Ритм современной жизни постоянно ускоряется, этим объясняется усложнение политико-правовых процессов, которые необходимо осмыслить и проанализировать. В настоящее время правовая реальность подвержена не только онтологическим преобразованиям. Новых оценок требуют изменяющиеся функции современного права в соответствии с традиционной западноевропейской гуманистической традицией. Социокультурная практика предопределена тем, что существует противоречие между правовыми реалиями и процессом их гуманистического осмысления и оценки. Множественность сложившихся мнений в решении проблемы гуманизации права заслуживает особого внимания. В статье определено, что становление философско-правового знания обусловлено тем, что длительное время философия права развивалась как область междисциплинарного синтеза философии и юриспруденции, в которой ведущую роль играли такие категории, как «право», «правосознание», «человек как субъект права». Обосновано, что в современной философии права рассматриваются типы правосознания, их особенности по степени включенности человека в правовое пространство. При этом правосознание неразрывным образом связано с гуманистическими установками, которые являются основанием формирующейся правовой культуры человека и общества. В связи с этим сделан акцент на изменяющемся стиле и способе философского мышления, методологии исследования социально-философской науки. Сделан вывод о том, что правовая теория, ставшая традиционной, существенно изменяется. Так, стремясь устранить разрыв между регламентированным правом и гуманистическими установками, гражданскими нормами, научное сообщество исследует различные пути их взаимодействия.The article aims to justify the relevance of the problems of socio-philosophical understanding of legal reality. The rhythm of modern life is constantly accelerating, this explains the complexity of political and legal processes that you need to understand and to perform. Currently, the legal reality is exposed not only to the ontological transformations, the new assessments require the changing functions of modern law in accordance with traditional Western European humanistic tradition. Sociocultural practice is predetermined by the fact that there is a contradiction between the legal reality and the process of humanistic reflection and evaluation. The multiplicity of existing opinions in solving the problem of humanization of law deserves special attention. The article identifies that the development of philosophical and legal knowledge is caused by the fact that for a long time the philosophy of law developed as a field of interdisciplinary synthesis of philosophy and jurisprudence, in which the leading role was played by such categories as «law», «legal consciousness», «man as a subject of rights». It is proved that in modern philosophy of law the types of justice, particularly the degree of involvement of a person in the legal space, are discussed. At the same time, the sense of justice is intrinsically linked to the humanist attitudes, which are the basis of the emerging legal culture of the individual and society. In this regard, the author emphasizes the change in style and methods of philosophical thinking, methodology of researching socio-philosophical science. The author makes a conclusion that legal theory, which has become traditional, significantly changes in intention to bridge the gap regulated by the state law from a humanistic attitudes and civic norms, the scientific community researches different ways of their interaction

Ignition of dispersed coal in local conductive heating conditions

Present work studies the ignition of a brown coal by a hot metal particle. The experiments establish the limits of the gas-phase ignition and ignition delay times in conditions whee the metal particle situated on the surface of dispersed coal layer. The coal particle size was different in different series of experiments, and it was ranged from 0.1 to 1 mm; the shapes of the metal particles were sphere, disk, and cube; their initial temperature varied between 1000 and 1400 K. Three modes of gas-phase ignition of coal were established with the ignition zone of volatiles located in the vicinity of the hot particle. The practical application of obtained results is the development of fire prevention guidelines for tightening fire safety management at productions dealing with coal mining, transportation

Democratic prospects in Imperial Russia : the revolution of 1905 and the political stock market

This paper assesses the attitude of investors towards Democratic change by performing an event study using Russian government bonds. The Revolution of 1905 offers an ideal occasion as, alongside the related revolutionary events, it was accompanied by two opposing constitutional changes within a short period of time. This study contributes to the debate as to whether Imperial Russia could possibly have followed other Western European states, i.e. gradually adopting a democratic rule, or whether a revolution was inevitable as the writing of Soviet history suggests. Furthermore, the Russo-Japanese War is taken into consideration. The results are basically in line with the literature on the impact of wars on capital markets. Prices of two types of bonds on both the Saint Petersburg and the Berlin stock exchange are employed. As it turns out, investors in the East and West were largely consistent in their reactions

Supersolar metal abundances and the Broad Line Region of Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies

Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLSy1) are intriguing due to their extreme continuum and emission line properties which are not yet well understood. This paper is motivated by the recent suggestion that NLSy1 galaxies might be young active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and that they may have supersolar metal abundances. We have examined the stability of broad emission line region (BLR) clouds under isobaric perturbation and its dependence on gas metal abundances. We show that supersolar metallicity increases the range where multiple phases in pressure balance may exist. This is particularly important for NLSy1s with steep X-ray spectra where it delays the trend of hindrance of a multi-phase equilibrium. Finally, the role of warm absorbers in the context of this scenario is assessed.Comment: A&A, in press (6 pages, 3 figures); preprint and related papers also available at http://www.xray.mpe.mpg.de/~skomossa

X-ray Insights into the Nature of Weak Emission-Line Quasars at High Redshift

We present Chandra observations of nine high-redshift quasars (z=2.7-5.9) discovered by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey with weak or undetectable high-ionization emission lines in their UV spectra (WLQs). Adding archival X-ray observations of six additional sources of this class has enabled us to place the strongest constraints yet on the X-ray properties of this remarkable class of AGNs. Although our data cannot rule out the possibility that the emission lines are overwhelmed by a relativistically boosted continuum, as manifested by BL Lac objects, we find that WLQs are considerably weaker in the X-ray and radio bands than the majority of BL Lacs found at much lower redshifts. If WLQs are high-redshift BL Lacs, then it is difficult to explain the lack of a large parent population of X-ray and radio bright weak-lined sources at high redshift. We also consider the possibility that WLQs are quasars with extreme properties, and in particular that the emission lines are suppressed by high accretion rates. Using joint spectral fitting of the X-ray spectra of 11 WLQs we find that the mean photon index in the hard X-ray band is consistent with those observed in typical radio-quiet AGNs with no hint of an unusually steep hard-X-ray spectrum. This result poses a challenge to the hypothesis that WLQs have extremely high accretion rates, and we discuss additional observations required to test this idea.Comment: 13 pages (emulateapj), 7 figures. Accepted for publication in Ap

Proto-Quasars:Physical States and Observable Properties

Based on the radiation hydrodynamical model for the black hole(BH) growth,incorporated with the chemical evolution of the early-type host galaxy, we construct the coevolution model of a QSO BH and the host galaxy. As a result, it is found that after a galactic wind epoch,the luminosity is shifted from the host-dominant phase to the AGN-dominant phase (QSO phase) in the timescale of a few $10^{8}$ years.The former phase corresponds to the early stage of growing BH, and can be regarded as a ``proto-QSO'' phase. It has observable characteristic properties (detail inthis paper).By comparing these predictions with recent observations, radio galaxies are a possible candidate for proto-QSOs.Also, it is anticipated that the proto-QSO phase is preceded by an optically thick phase, which may correspond to ULIRGs.In this phase, $M_{\rm BH}/M_{\rm bulge}$ is predicted to be much less than $10^{-3}$ and grow with metallicity.Moreover, as precursors of ULIRGs, optically-thin star-forming galaxies are predicted. These may be in the assembly phase of Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) or Ly$\alpha$ emitters.Comment: 7pages,7figures,accepted for publication in Ap

Near-zone sizes and the rest frame extreme ultra-violet spectral index of the highest redshift quasars

The discovery of quasars with redshifts higher than six has prompted a great deal of discussion in the literature regarding the role of quasars, both as sources of reionization, and as probes of the ionization state of the IGM. However the extreme ultra-violet (EUV) spectral index cannot be measured directly for high redshift quasars owing to absorption at frequencies above the Lyman limit, and as a result, studies of the impact of quasars on the intergalactic medium during reionization must assume a spectral energy distribution in the extreme ultra-violet based on observations at low redshift, z<1. In this paper we use regions of high Ly-alpha transmission (near-zones) around the highest redshift quasars to measure the quasar EUV spectral index at z~6. We jointly fit the available observations for variation of near-zone size with both redshift and luminosity, and propose that the observed relation provides evidence for an EUV spectral index that varies with absolute magnitude in the high redshift quasar sample, becoming softer at higher luminosity. Using a large suite of detailed numerical simulations we find that the typical value of spectral index for a luminous quasar at z~6 is constrained to be alpha=1.3+/-0.4 for a specific luminosity of the form L\propto\nu^{-alpha}. We find the scatter in spectral index among individual quasars to be in the range ~0.75-1.25. These values are in agreement with direct observations at low redshift, and indicate that there has been no significant evolution in the EUV spectral index of quasars over 90% of cosmic time.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to MNRA