Flowering in British Lemna: A rare, cyclic or simply overlooked phenomenon?

It is largely presumed that reproduction in British Lemna, as in other British Lemnaceae, is almost entirely asexual, with new daughter fronds being produced from the side pouches of older mother fronds. Sexual reproduction is considered to be a rather rare event or even absent and because of this rarity the sexual features of Lemna, such as anthers and fruit, are often considered to be of little taxonomic value. It was with some surprise, therefore, that widespread flowering was observed in all British Lemna during the summer of 1995. Initial observations in Shropshire during June recorded flowers in minor and trisulca, with fruit production in trisulca. L.gibba, minor and minuta were noted as being in flower on several occasions in Kent, during July and August, probably fruit production occurring in both species. To what extent these events are truly representative of the sexual reproduction rate of British Lemna on a year-to-year basis, or simply reflect the unusually high summer temperatures of 1995, is unclear

The nurse and the problem drinker : a study of helping behaviour : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Nursing Studies at Massey University

The purpose of this study is to examine aspects of the behaviour of nurses towards persons with alcohol-related problems. Similarities and differences in helpful and unhelpful behaviour as perceived by providers and by users of care are identified using the Behaviour Relating to Alcoholism Management (B.R.A.M.) Scale. The research covers two phases. In Phase One 27 registered nurses and 12 members of Alcoholics Anonymous completed critical incident questionnaires which furnished a list of helpful behaviours and a list of unhelpful behaviours. These have been analysed and a set of descriptive statements prepared which constitutes the B.R.A.M. Scale. In Phase Two this has been administered to 67 registered nurses and 46 members of Alcoholics Anonymous, and the results assessed. The findings show that nurses and problem drinkers view the same behaviours as helpful. There is, however, a significant difference between the two groups in the types of behaviour they consider to be unhelpful. This finding has consequences for those who provide care for problem drinkers, and for teachers and students in education programmes for nurses

'Measure twice, cut once' - revisiting the strength and impact of local planning regulation of housing development in England

There has been growing interest in the impact of land-use regulation and planning on housing development and markets, and a consequent search for quantified measures of their extent and efficacy. Nevertheless, despite the UK having a long-established and comprehensive planning system, this kind of quantitative analysis of system performance has been limited. This paper assembles and reports on a set of local-level measures for England for the late 2000s and assesses their effectiveness in predicting the key flow-of-consents measure and actual housing development. The pattern of restrictiveness is assessed against broad sustainability criteria including urban settlement structure, economic growth potential, and housing affordability and need. We also assess recent changes and the potential impact of a major system change towards more localised planning decision making. </jats:p

The construction of sub-section 6(5) of the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996: when is a "right" not a "right"?

Construes the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 s.6(5) under which trustees of trusts of land are required to have regard to the rights of the beneficiaries when exercising the powers conferred on them under s.6, proposing a construction of the subsection which requires it to be read as a counterpart to the provisions of s.15. Considers the meaning to be attributed to the word "rights" in s.6(5). Explains the reasons for the proposed construction, applies it to an example scenario and identifies three advantages in adopting it

It didn't seem to be like that when I was there: ethical dilemmas of representing lives

“It didn’t seem to be like that when I was there: The ethical dilemmas in representing a life” In any biographical account, there are at least two points of view, and multiple representations of one life story. An agreement is made at the outset of the dialogue to represent the ‘truth’ in the story. But what if the truth is equivocal or disagreeable? Current ethical recommendations urge the review of transcripts by the individual, providing an opportunity for change and clarification. But beyond that, what rights does the subject have over the story and in what ways should the researcher address the possibility of pain caused by representing that individual? Annie and Judith trod this delicate path when Annie, who was researching the lives of colonial women in East Africa, interviewed Judith. Judith subsequently attended a conference where Annie gave a paper on her research. What ensued was an emotional dialogue around portraying and being portrayed. These complex issues raised ethical questions about the research participant’s anonymity and the use of voice and pseudonyms. Temporal and authorial issues were highlighted in the re-writing and presentation process. This paper is a collaborative venture exploring our attempts to represent a life and the mutual shaping of ethics and truth

Getting the smaller picture: small-area analysis of public expenditure incidence and deprivation in three English cities

This paper examines public expenditure incidence at small-area level in cities. The motivations for such research are briefly reviewed. The article reports on an attempt at measuring public expenditure across the majority of programmes down to the level of Census wards and the actual results obtained for three urban local authorities in England. The relationship between spending, income and deprivation is examined overall and for particular spending programmes, using a number of approaches including regression-based expenditure models. The conclusions suggest that spending is indeed targetted on poorer areas but raise questions about both the strength of this relationship and how best to measure deprivation and the need to spend.