Studies On The Reduction Of β-enamino Ketones

Reduction of β-enamino ketones 1 with NaBH(OAc)3 in glacial acetic acid gave β-amino ketones 3 in 65% to 67% yield. These data and others observed in the reduction of β-enamino ketones 1 to preferentially syn γ-amino alcohols 2 with NaBH4/HOAc suggest that in this last reaction we have firstly the reduction of the β-enamino ketones 1 to produce the β-amino ketones 3, and then this compound is reduced to the γ-amino alcohols 2. We can say from this results that the diastereosselectivity of the reduction of β-enamino ketones 1 to mainly syn γ-amino álcohols 2, can be analysed as a competition between a chair-like transition state and a boat-like transition state, obtained from the β-amino ketones 3. © 2006 Sociedade Brasileira de Química.17714401442Harris, M.I.N.C., Braga, A.C.H., (2004) J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 15, p. 971Harris, M.I.N.C., (1993), Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, BrazilBraga, A. C. H.Harris, M. I. N. C.Br PI 9.502.467-0, 1995. (CA 128:243740)Gribble, G.W., Nutaitis, C.F., (1985) Org. Prep. Proced. Int., 17, p. 317Gribble, G.W., (1998) Chem. Soc. Rev., 27, p. 395For a better understanding of this reactivity, theoretical studies are in progressnoteMarchini, P., Liso, G., Reho, A., (1975) J. Org. Chem., 40, p. 3453Evans, D.A., Chapman, K.T., Carreira, E.M., (1988) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 110, p. 3560Palmieri, G., Cimarelli, C., (2006) Arkivoc, p. 10

Winter sowing and higher populations as dry-farming strategies on sunflower crop (Helianthus annuus L.)

Sunflower is sown in early spring (March-April) under Mediterranean dryland conditions. Plant development is coincidental with increasing air temperature and crop ET and usually reproduction occurs under water and temperature stresses, resulting in severe yield limitations (Downes 1975, Carvalho et al 1990, 1991). As a strategy of stress avoidance during the reproductive stages winter sowing (late December and January) has been successfully tested (Vesperinas et al 1991, Ordonez 1990). This experiment tested the potential advantage in anticipating sowing date to late December or January, and in increasing plant population in order to use soil water more efficiently

Rare earth elements, iron and manganese in ochre-precipitates and wetland soils of a passive treatment system for acid mine drainage

The rare earth elements (REE) along with iron and manganese distribution in ochre-precipitates and wetland soils in a passive system for acid mine drainage treatment (Jales, Portugal) was studied. The results obtained by instrumental neutron activation analysis showed a higher incorporation of the light REE (particularly La and Ce) by the ochre-precipitates resulting from the mine water-limestone interaction. These fluffy materials influence the entrance of the first wetland where a correlation between Fe and La and Ce was found. Then Mn phases appear to play a more important role controlling REE distribution in the remaining area of the wetland soils.Thanks to EDM (Empresa de Desenvolvimento Mineiro, S.A.) for providing access to the water treatment plant, and to the staff of the Portuguese Research Reactor (RPI) of CTN/IST. C2TN authors gratefully acknowledge the FCT (the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation) support through the UID/Multi/04349/2013. This work is co-funded by European Union through the European Regional Development Fund, based on COMPETE 2020 (Programa Operacional da Competitividade e Internacionalização), project ICT (UID/GEO/04683/2013) with reference POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007690 and national funds provided by FCT.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effect of air pollution on diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in São Paulo, Brazil

Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality and these patients, even without previous myocardial infarction, run the risk of fatal coronary heart disease similar to non-diabetic patients surviving myocardial infarction. There is evidence showing that particulate matter air pollution is associated with increases in cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus on the association of air pollution with cardiovascular emergency room visits in a tertiary referral hospital in the city of São Paulo. Using a time-series approach, and adopting generalized linear Poisson regression models, we assessed the effect of daily variations in PM10, CO, NO2, SO2, and O3 on the daily number of emergency room visits for cardiovascular diseases in diabetic and non-diabetic patients from 2001 to 2003. A semi-parametric smoother (natural spline) was adopted to control long-term trends, linear term seasonal usage and weather variables. In this period, 45,000 cardiovascular emergency room visits were registered. The observed increase in interquartile range within the 2-day moving average of 8.0 µg/m³ SO2 was associated with 7.0% (95%CI: 4.0-11.0) and 20.0% (95%CI: 5.0-44.0) increases in cardiovascular disease emergency room visits by non-diabetic and diabetic groups, respectively. These data indicate that air pollution causes an increase of cardiovascular emergency room visits, and that diabetic patients are extremely susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution on their health conditions.Disciplina de Clínica Médica, Departamento de MedicinaUniversidade de São Paulo - Laboratório de Poluição Atmosférica Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina, USP (FM-USP

String non(anti)commutativity for Neveu-Schwarz boundary conditions

The appearance of non(anti)commutativity in superstring theory, satisfying the Neveu-Schwarz boundary conditions is discussed in this paper. Both an open free superstring and also one moving in a background antisymmetric tensor field are analyzed to illustrate the point that string non(anti)commutativity is a consequence of the nontrivial boundary conditions. The method used here is quite different from several other approaches where boundary conditions were treated as constraints. An interesting observation of this study is that, one requires that the bosonic sector satisfies Dirichlet boundary conditions at one end and Neumann at the other in the case of the bosonic variables $X^{\mu}$ being antiperiodic. The non(anti)commutative structures derived in this paper also leads to the closure of the super constraint algebra which is essential for the internal consistency of our analysis.Comment: new references added, original article appeared in Int.J.Theor.Phy