Use of Antiviral Drugs to Reduce Household Transmission of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, United Kingdom1

TOC Summary: Early treatment of primary case-patients and prophylaxis of household contacts provides effective protection

Estimates of predictive value positive of the National Disease Surveillance System for dengue fever by year—Taiwan, 2010–2012.

<p>PVP, predictive value positive</p><p>Estimates of predictive value positive of the National Disease Surveillance System for dengue fever by year—Taiwan, 2010–2012.</p

Number of confirmed cases of dengue fever reported to the National Disease Surveillance System by month of report, Taiwan, 2010–2012.

<p>Number of confirmed cases of dengue fever reported to the National Disease Surveillance System by month of report, Taiwan, 2010–2012.</p

Flow chart of data flows within the National Disease Surveillance System (NDSS) for dengue fever in Taiwan.

<p>Flow chart of data flows within the National Disease Surveillance System (NDSS) for dengue fever in Taiwan.</p

Percentage completeness of variables in dataset of confirmed dengue fever cases reported to the National Disease Surveillance System, Taiwan, 2010–2012.

<p>ID, identification; TCDC, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control; LHD, local health department</p><p>Percentage completeness of variables in dataset of confirmed dengue fever cases reported to the National Disease Surveillance System, Taiwan, 2010–2012.</p

Number of confirmed cases of dengue fever reported to the National Disease Surveillance System by month of report and travel history, Taiwan, 2010–2012.

<p>Number of confirmed cases of dengue fever reported to the National Disease Surveillance System by month of report and travel history, Taiwan, 2010–2012.</p

Percentage of confirmed dengue fever cases with/without travel history reported to the National Disease Surveillance System by month of report, Taiwan, 2010–2012.

<p>Percentage of confirmed dengue fever cases with/without travel history reported to the National Disease Surveillance System by month of report, Taiwan, 2010–2012.</p

BCG vaccination reduces risk of infection with Myobacterium tuberculosis as detected by gamma interferon release assay

AIMS: To investigate whether BCG vaccination, in addition to a reduction of active tuberculosis, leads to a reduction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection during an outbreak of tuberculosis. METHODS: Pupils (n=199) of a Junior School exposed to a pupil with active pulmonary tuberculosis were screened using a gamma interferon release assay for detection of M. tuberculosis infection (ex vivo ELISPOT assay). Relative risk of M. tuberculosis infection and pulmonary tuberculosis associated with BCG vaccination were calculated and adjusted for exposure risk. RESULTS: Twenty-nine percent of children with previous BCG vaccination had a reactive gamma interferon release assay compared with 47% of unvaccinated children (unadjusted RR 0.61, 95%CI 0.39, 0.96). The protective effect of BCG vaccination persisted following adjustment for other risk factors for infection like ethnicity and proximity to the source case reflected in membership of class and activity groups (corrected relative risk 0.26, 95%CI 0.09, 0.69 and risk reduction of 74%, 95%CI 31%, 91%). A higher proportion of unvaccinated children (11%) were diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis compared with 5% of vaccinated children (RR 0.51 95%CI 0.15, 1.70). CONCLUSION: BCG vaccination was associated with a reduction of M. tuberculosis infection diagnosed by gamma interferon release assay testing in school children during a point source outbreak