Accounting information and informative value of financial statements and financial analysis

Doktorská disertační práce se zabývá problematikou vlivu informací obsažených v účetních výkazech na vypovídací schopnost finanční analýzy. V současném globálním světě vyznačujícím se propojenými finančními trhy se informace o finanční pozici a výkonnosti podniků stávají stále důležitějšími. Investoři si na základě výsledků finanční analýzy vybraných podniků potřebují zvolit vhodnou investiční příležitost, která jim zajistí dostatečně vysoký a zároveň spolehlivý budoucí výnos. Základní zdroj dat umožňující řádné provedení finanční analýzy představují výkazy finančního účetnictví. Vzhledem k tomu, že výsledky finanční analýzy musí být srovnatelné jak v čase, tak i v prostoru, je nezbytné, aby i vstupní údaje zajišťovaly v tomto ohledu dostatečnou míru srovnatelnosti.This doctoral dissertation is engaged in problems of the influence of information presented in financial statements on an informative value of the financial analysis. In the contemporary global world when the markets are more connected than ever before the information about the financial position and the performance of a company is becoming more important. Based on the results of the financial analysis investors need to select a suitable investment opportunity that will ensure them sufficiently high and reliable future income. The basic data source, which enables the correct realisation of the financial analysis, is represented by the financial statements. The results of the financial analysis have to be comparable in time series as well as between the companies and so it is necessary that the input data are in this regard comparable enough

The influence of a different accounting system on informative value of selected financial ratios

In recent global world the importance of financial markets is growing as well as the amount of capital distributed through these markets. To enable optimal efficiency of these markets the best investment opportunities has to be chosen. An alternative how to compare and select suitable companies to invest in is represented by a financial analysis of financial statements. The results of financial ratios are mainly influenced by the presumptions according to those the financial statements have been prepared. Therefore, in this article there is analysed if and eventually how significant the input data, influence the results of financial ratios. Firstly, the description of financial ratios that are used in following analysis is made. After that, there are analysed the requirements of Czech legislation and IAS/IFRS and their influence on financial statements. Then, the influence of five selected accounting transaction on balance sheets and income statements that are prepared once according to the Czech legislation and for the second time according to the IAS/IFRS is analysed. The final part tries to examine if and how strong the impact of different accounting system on the results of the selected financial ratios is

Composition and porosity changes of titanium grains of the filter SVO-1 depurating primary circuit media in Temelin NPP after long term operation

Médium primárního okruhu ETE je průběžně čištěno Ti houbovým filtrem, jehož stav je mimo jiné monitorován SEM/EDS analýzou odebíraných vzorků. Složení a porozita filtru po 15 provozních kampaních byla porovnána s výchozími parametry Ti houby a odběry po 3 a 9 kampaních. Byla prokázána sorpce rozpuštěných látek i záchyt mechanických nečistot. Dlouhodobá expozice filtru v hydrotermálním prostředí média primárního okruhu se projevuje oxidací funkčního volného povrchu Ti zrn a postupným nárůstem objemu oxidických fází. Krystalizace oxidů v podobě rutilu, anatasu a ilmenitu postupně snižuje porozitu uvnitř Ti zrn. Celková porozita filtru však zůstává téměř neovlivněna.The medium of the primary circuit of the Temelín NPP is continually cleaned by a Ti sponge filter. Its condition is monitored by SEM/EDS analysis of the samples, as well. The composition and porosity of the filter after 15 operational campaigns were compared with the baseline parameters of the Ti sponge and sampling after 3 and 9 campaigns. Sorption of dissolved substances and capture of mechanical impurities was proved. Long-term exposure of the filter in the hydrothermal environment of the primary circuit medium causes oxidation of the functional free surface of Ti grains and a gradual increase of the oxidic phases volume. Crystallization of oxides in the form of rutile, anatase and ilmenite gradually decreases the porosity inside the Ti grains. However, the overall porosity of the filter remains almost unaffected

R&D deductions in the Czech Republic: Is the amount dependent on the size of a company?

Research and development (R&D) is considered a critical factor in the long-term performance of companies. Governments are therefore seeking to increase the availability of R&D support for enterprises. This support may include indirect or tax support, often offered as deductions from the tax base or credits on already calculated tax. The paper analyzes the average amount of R&D deductions depending on the size of enterprises in the Czech Republic that use R&D deductions. The research sample includes all companies residing in the Czech Republic that filed tax returns between 2009 and 2021. The methods of descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and trend analysis were used to test the hypotheses. The results suggest a statistically significant difference (α < 0.01) between the average R&D deduction of companies using the R&D deduction and a company’s size. Furthermore, it was found that the average amount of the R&D deduction has changed and is expected to change as well. This trend in the case of micro companies is negative, and by other groups, it is relatively constant or slightly rising and is also expected to increase. Authorities could use these results to adjust tax laws governing R&D deductions in the Czech Republic. Acknowledgment This article was written as one of the outputs of support from the project of Excellent Research called “The impact of tax optimization of intangible assets on corporate finances and national public budgets,” which is being continuously implemented at the Faculty of Economics of the Technical University in Liberec within the years 2021–2022

Damage assesment of the cooling inserts of dieselgenerator 6ZL40/48 at NPP DUKOVANY

Opakovaná poškození chladících kroužků koruny pístu DG (v 2013 a 2017) vyvolala program na hodnocení mikrostruktury, mechanických vlastností a ověření chemického složení materiálu poškozených i nepoškozených chladících kroužků za účelem stanovení příčiny poškození a doporučení pro provozRepeated damages of cooling inserts at DG piston crown in 2013 and 2017 lead to experimental program in UJV. Microstructure evaluation, mechanical properties measurement and Chemical analysis were carried out on damaged and undamaged cooling inserts as well for to assess the root damage and to give recommendation for operation

Evaluation of prestressed cables removed from NPP Temelin containment

V rámci sledování stavu kontejnmentu elektrárny Temelín (ETE) probíhá vyjmutí vybraných kabelů a kontrola jejich stavu po dlouhodobém provozu. Předpínací kabely jsou podrobeny zevrubné kontrole a koncová část kabelů s montážní očnicí je odebrána k zátěžové stendové zkoušce. Laboratorní hodnocení drátů se sestává z detailní vizuální prohlídky zaměřené na mechanické a korozní poškození drátů, stanovení mechanických vlastností, které jsou doplněné metalografickým a fraktografickým hodnocením.In order to monitor the condition of the NPP Temelin containment, the selected cables are removed and checked after long-term operation. The prestressing cables are thoroughly inspected and the end part of the cables with mounting thimble is taken for a stress test. Laboratory evaluation of cables consists of detailed visual inspection, evaluation of mechanical and corrosion damage of cables, determination of their mechanical properties, metallographic and fractographic evaluation

Growth-climate responses of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. versus Picea abies (L.) Karst. in the British Isles and Central Europe

Introduced tree species have become increasingly important in the context of the ongoing climate change. This paper focuses on the dendrochronology of the most widespread introduced tree species in the British Isles – Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr.) – in comparable soil conditions in England, Czechia, and Slovakia. The research aims to evaluate the growth dynamics and the influence of climatic factors on this tree species while comparing it with economically main tree species in Europe – Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.). Based on the analysis of 150 increment cores, the radial growth of Sitka spruce was on average 24.2% higher than that of Norway spruce. The highest increments in 52 to 62-year-old stands were achieved in England by both Sitka spruce (8.7mm) and Norway spruce (7.0 mm). In terms of negative pointer years (NPYs), there was no difference in the number of years with a significantly low increment between the two species at any site. The lowest effect of climatic factors on growth was found in Czechia, while the highest was in England. Higher resistance to climate was found for Sitka compared to Norway spruce. In general, the main limiting factor for the growth was the lack of precipitation in the previous year’s vegetation season, or heavy frost in England. In Central Europe, due to low precipitation, Sitka spruce will not be a substantial introduced tree species in the future, but on suitable sites, it can achieve high production potential and play a significant role for increasing stand diversity in the face of climate change

Financial reporting in the USA: use of the IFRS

The United States of America can be considered an economic superpower with the biggest and most important capital market in the whole world. To enable the efficient functioning of this market, as well as to ensure investor protection, the companies whose securities are traded on the US capital market are obliged to prepare their financial statements according to a single set of understandable and enforceable global accounting standards. This article focuses on financial reporting required for listed companies in the USA. Firstly, the development of financial reporting is mentioned and then the convergence between IFRS and U.S. GAAP is briefly described. After that, the use of IFRS in the USA and the possible implications for the US capital market are analysed