PRODUCTION OF HAEMOLYSINS BY YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA STRAINS

Haemolysins are one of the factors of aggression of bacteria. In the present study we demonstrated the results from the analysis of the haemolytic activities of 10 Yersinia enterocoliticaten strains of different origin and serotypes. Erythrocyte suspension prepared from human blood group "0", sheep and calf blood was used. Most strains isolated from clinically ill patients and belonging to serotype 03 produced haemolysins which was manifested on sheep blood agar. A conclusion was made that proof of haemolysins from strains isolated in epidemics could serve as a marker for epidemic study

Erik meyvelerinin kimyasal kompozisyonu ve duyusal değerlendirilmesi

Plum fruits (Prunus domestica L.) have long been known as food for people since ancient times. They are consumed fresh, dried or processed. The increasing consumers’ demand for quality of fruit is a relevant reason to present information about the differences in the chemical composition and the sensory characteristics between the widely spread and newly studied plum cultivars. The present study was carried out in the period 2009 - 2012 at the Fruit-Growing Institute – Plovdiv, Bulgaria on 12 plum cultivars. The results of chemical composition analysis showed that the fruits of ‘Jojo’, ‘Topking’, ‘Topfive’ and ‘Mirabelle de Nancy’ have a total soluble solid above 20 0Brix. The highest sugar content was found in the fruits of ‘Jojo’. Fruits of ‘Pacific’ have the highest titratable acids content (1.28%) compared to the other cultivars. The highest vitamin C content (11.92 mg/100 g) was determined in the fruits of ‘Stanley’ cultivar. According to the sensory data, fruits of the cultivars ‘Bellamira’, ‘President’ and ‘Tuleu Timpuriu’ were grouped as the most delicious fruits and were regarded as suitable for fresh consumption. The general sensory evaluation showed that the fruits of ‘Bellamira’, ‘Haganta’, ‘President’ and ‘Tuleu Timpuriu’ are excellent in quality and they could be recommended to consumers and traders.Erik meyvelerinin antik zamanlardan bu yana insanlar tarafından bir besin olarak kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Erik taze kurutulmuş ya da işlenmiş olarak tüketilmektedir. Tüketicilerin kaliteli meyve konusundaki artan talepleri geniş kitlelerce bilinen ve üzerinde yeni yeni çalışmalar yapılmakta olan erik çeşitlerinin kimyasal kompozisyonları ve duyusal özelliklerinin belirlenmesindeki etkili bir role sahiptir. Bu çalışma 2009-2012 yılları arasında Plovdiv Meyve Yetiştirme Enstitüsü’nde 12 erik çeşidi üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kimyasal kompozisyon analizlerinin sonuçları ‘Jojo’, ‘Topking’, ‘Topfive’ ve ‘Mirabelle de Nancy’ çeşitlerinin 20 0Brix üzerinde bir toplam çözünebilir katı maddeye sahip olduklarını göstermiştir. En yüksek şeker oranı ‘Jojo’ meyvelerinde bulunurken, ‘Pacific’ meyvelerinin en yüksek titre edilebilir asitlik değerine (%1.28) sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek vitamin C içeriği ise (11.92 mg/100 g) ‘Stanley’ çeşidinin meyvelerinde bulunmuştur. Duyusal değerlendirme verilen göre, ‘Bellamira’, ‘President’ ve ‘Tuleu Timpuriu’ çeşitleri en lezzetliler olarak gruplandırılmışlar ve taze tütekime uygun olarak ele alınmışlardır. Genel duyusal değerlendirmeler de ‘Bellamira’, ‘Haganta’, ‘President’ ve ‘Tuleu Timpuriu’ meyvelerinin çok iyi kalitede olduklarını göstermiştir ve tüketicilere ve tüccarlara önerilebilirle

METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCI - DISTRIBUTION IN CLINICAL SPECIMENS AND IN VITRO SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SOME ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS

Methicillin/oxacillin resistant Staphylococci (MRS) cause high morbility and mortality. The aim of the present study is to determine the incidence rate of MRS among clinical specimens and to study in vitro their sensitivity to some antibacterial drugs most often applied in therapeutic schedules. A total of 104 Staphylococcus strains were isolated. Of them, 66,35 % were Staphylococcus aureus and 33,65 % were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). MRS were 33,65 % of all the strains. Of them, 45,71 % were MRSA and 54,29 % were MRCNS. In the clinical material they were distributed as followed: 62,85 % from nasopharyngeal swabs, 14,28 % from blood cultures, 5,73 % from expectorated sputum, terminal urine and vaginal swabs, and 2,86 % from ear swabs and vascular catheters. MR was due to hyperproduction of normal staphylococcic penicillinase by 27 strains. Six strains contained in their chromosome gene mec A responsible for the synthesis of imperfect penicillin-binding protein. Some 12,5 % of MRSA and 11,8 % of MRCNS were resistant to gentamycin, 15,8 % of MRCNS - to ciprofloxacin, 12,5 % of MRSA and 21,1 % of MRCNS - to rifamycin and 21,1 % of MRCNS - to imipenem. The frequency of MRS strains was within mean values for the country. In-vitro sensitivity could assist the complex treatment of Staphylococcus infections

Sustainable Development and Coastal Tourism: A Stakeholders’ Perspective

This study employs the example of Bulgaria’s North Black Sea coast to examine the destination stakeholders’ perceptions of sustainable tourism development and the degree to which the principles of sustainability have been implemented in the policies and practices in the past three decades. It aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on coastal tourism development and its problematic relationship with the concept of sustainability in times of rapid changes. A multidisciplinary and holistic approach is adopted to develop an analytical framework for the study of sustainable tourism development

Tourism development in transition economies: an evaluation of the development of tourism at a Black sea coastal destination during political and socio-economic transition.

The present research addresses a gap in the academic literature on the transformation and development of coastal destinations in the transition economy of Bulgaria. It takes further the tradition in tourism studies that calls for the incorporation of the contextual change in the process of destination development. The purpose of this study was to determine whether, and in what ways, the nature of the socio-economic and political transition has influenced the processes of tourism development of a coastal tourism destination in the period 1989-2009 and if the tourism stakeholders have incorporated and implemented the principles of sustainability in the transformation and operation of the tourism sector, with the associated questions of why, why not, and how. In order to answer the research questions, a case study research was undertaken in the Varna-Balchik destination on Bulgaria‟s North Black Sea coast, which allowed the study of the whole spectrum of developmental processes in the period of transition. Data for the research was collected using a multi-method research approach with a combination of secondary data and primary data gathered using qualitative research techniques including a series of stakeholder interviews and observation. The semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with decision-makers, involved in tourism development in the destination studied at some time over the studied period (1989-2009), from the stakeholder groups at a local, regional and national level. This research employed the path-dependent path-creative approach to analyse the nature of transformation and conceptualise the forces which impact on tourism development on Bulgaria‟s North Black Sea coast. The research findings indicated that sustainability did not fit well into the rapidly changing CEE transition context. In spite of the increasing empowerment of the local communities and their attempts to achieve balanced development by implementing integrated and long-term planning, the primary data revealed growing concerns over the ineffectiveness of policy-making, the increasing urbanisation of the coastal strip and the competitiveness of Bulgaria‟s North Black Sea coast tourism offer. An analytical framework was developed based on the research findings to explain the specific development path(s) of the destination studied. It took into account the political (politicising), psychological (mentalities), institutional dimensions of transition (property rights, social networks and local empowerment), the role of the state (reduced state intervention) and the individual (human capital). Some of these themes (politicising and mentalities in particular) have been largely absent from previous research on tourism in transition and from the wider tourism studies