2,177 research outputs found
Sur lâĂ©pidĂ©miologie des maladies mentales : mise Ă jour des donnĂ©es rĂ©centes
L'objectif de ce travail est de synthĂ©tiser les plus rĂ©cents constats des recherches Ă©pidĂ©miologiques menĂ©es dans la population gĂ©nĂ©rale concernant la prĂ©valence et l'incidence des troubles mentaux respectivement chez les hommes et les femmes. L'auteur fait principalement rĂ©fĂ©rence aux rĂ©sultats du programme de recherche Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA). Il rappelle d'abord l'Ă©volution de la classification des maladies mentales de l'Association AmĂ©ricaine de Psychiatrie et ses rĂ©percussions au niveau de la mĂ©thode Ă©pidĂ©miologique. L'analyse des donnĂ©es permet de conclure que les hommes et les femmes souffrent de diverses psychopathologies dans des proportions fort diffĂ©rentes. Ces rĂ©sultats sont comparĂ©s Ă ceux obtenus dans le cadre de l'enquĂȘte SantĂ© QuĂ©bec.The goal of this paper is to summarize recent epidemiological findings from community studies on mental illnesses prevalence and incidence among male and female respectively. The author refer mainly to the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) research projects. A review of developments of the American Psychiatric Association classification of mental disorders is presented and implications of the new nosology on the epidemiologic method is offered. The data indicate that males and females vary significantly in prevalence and incidence of psychopathologies assessed in these studies. Results are compared to those collected for the SantĂ© QuĂ©bec health survey
PrĂ©valence du trouble de stress post-traumatique chez des chauffeurs dâautobus
Plusieurs rapports indiquent que les employĂ©s du transport en commun constituent un groupe de travailleurs risquant de vivre des Ă©vĂ©nements traumatiques. Cependant, il n'y a que peu de donnĂ©es scientifiques sur l'impact de tels Ă©vĂ©nements dans cette population. Lors d'une enquĂȘte Ă©pidĂ©miologique menĂ©e auprĂšs des chauffeurs d'autobus de la STCUM, un peu plus du tiers des chauffeurs rapportent un Ă©vĂ©nement traumatique au travail. De ces Ă©vĂ©nements, les menaces graves et les agressions constituent la majoritĂ©. Les Ă©vĂ©nements traumatiques sont plus frĂ©quents au travail que dans la vie privĂ©e. La prĂ©valence Ă vie du TSPT est de 10,7% pour les Ă©vĂ©nements subis au travail et de 21,3 % pour ceux de la vie privĂ©e. Neuf chauffeurs sur 100 exposĂ©s Ă un Ă©vĂ©nement au travail souffraient d'un TSPT dans le mois prĂ©cĂ©dant l'enquĂȘte. Lorsque nous considĂ©rons les Ă©vĂ©nements survenus dans la vie privĂ©e, prĂšs de 15% de ces exposĂ©s Ă©taient victimes d'un TSPT. Lorsque les deux milieux d'exposition sont rĂ©unis, 12% prĂ©sentaient un TSPT dans le mois prĂ©cĂ©dant la recherche.Many recent reports indicate that public transport employees constitute a group of workers at high risk of going through a traumatic event. Yet, very few scientific data on the impact of these events on this population are available. The authors present results of an epidemiological study conducted among Montreal bus drivers. A little more than a third of bus drivers have reported a traumatic event at work. Among the whole of traumatic events occuring during the course of their work, serious threats and assault constitute the majority of these events. Traumatic events are more frequent at work than in their private lives. The prevalence of PTSD for those exposed to a traumatic event at work is of 10,7% and of 21,3% for those bus drivers exposed to traumatic events in their private lives. Nine out of 100 drivers exposed to a traumatic event at work suffered a PTSD in the month preceding the study. When the authors consider the events occuring in the private lives, alomost 15% of those exposed were victims of PTSD. When the two levels of expositions are reunited, 12% of those exposed presented a PTSD in the month preceding the research
Le bien-ĂȘtre psychologique et ses concepts cousins, une analyse conceptuelle comparative
Le bien-ĂȘtre psychologique est depuis une dĂ©cennie un concept beaucoup plus important dans le domaine de la santĂ©. Depuis que les chercheurs accordent presque autant d'attention Ă la « qualitĂ© de vie » qu'Ă la « quantitĂ© de vie », ce concept est devenu populaire. L'attrait marquĂ© a entraĂźnĂ© le dĂ©veloppement de plusieurs Ă©chelles de mesure. Toutefois, moins de temps a Ă©tĂ© consacrĂ© au dĂ©veloppement conceptuel du construit entraĂźnant ainsi une confusion entre plusieurs termes qui semblent, a priori, similaires : le bien-ĂȘtre psychologique, le bien-ĂȘtre subjectif, la qualitĂ© de vie, le moral, la satisfaction dans la vie, le bonheur et la santĂ© mentale. Ainsi, le but de cette revue (n : 57 articles) a Ă©tĂ© d'effectuer une analyse conceptuelle de type comparatif (Morse et al., 1996) du bien-ĂȘtre psychologique avec les concepts compĂ©titeurs, selon une approche contemporaine d'analyse. Les rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent que ces concepts sont distincts et ne devraient pas ĂȘtre utilisĂ©s de façon interchangeable. Ils sont distincts Ă divers niveaux : type de mesure (objective/subjective), type d'Ă©valuation (cognitive/affective), les attributs, les antĂ©cĂ©dents, les consĂ©quents, et l'influence du temps (transitoire/stable). Les rĂ©sultats de cette revue apportent un Ă©claircissement au niveau conceptuel pour plusieurs termes et, Ă l'aide d'une figure, les placent sur un Ă©chiquier favorisant par le fait mĂȘme, une meilleure utilisation de ces derniers en recherche.Psychological well-being and related concepts: a conceptual comparative analysis The concept of psychological well-being acquired more importance in the field of health over the last decade. Ever since research paid more attention to "quality of life", psychological well-being became popular. The increasing interest in this concept entailed the development of many scales of measure. However, less importance has been given to the conceptual development of its construct, thus creating confusion between terms which at first appear similar: psychological well-being, subjective well-being, quality of life, spirit, satisfaction in life, happiness and mental health. The objective of this literature review (n:57) was to conduct a conceptual and comparative analysis (Morse et al., 1996) of psychological well-being with competitive concepts according to a comtemporary approach of analysis. Results show that these concepts are distinct and should not be used in an interchangeable way. They are distinct on various levels: type of measure (objective/subjective), type of evaluation (cognitive and affective), attributes, antecedents, consequences and influence of time (temporary/stable). Results of this review brings new light at the conceptual level for several terms. Graphic 1 illustrates its various positions thus favoring a better use of these terms in research.El bienestar siquolĂłgico y sus conceptos sobrinos, una anĂĄlisis conceptual comparativa El bienestar siquolĂłgico es un concepto mucho mĂĄs importante en el campo de la salud desde hace un decenio. Este concepto se volviĂł popular desde que los investigadores acuerden casi tanto atenciĂłn a la calidad de vida que a la cantidad de vida. Sigue de este atractivo marcado un desarrollo de varias escalas de medida. Sin embargo, menos tiempo ha sido consecrado al desarrollo conceptual del concepto lo que ocasiona una confusiĂłn entre varios terminos cuales parecen, a priori, similares: el bienestar siquolĂłgico, el bien-estar subjetivo, la calidad de vida, el espĂritu, la satisfaccion en la vida, la felicidad y la salud mental. Asi, el objetivo de esta revista (n:57 artĂculos) ha sido de efectuar una anĂĄlisis conceptual de tipo comparativo (Morse et al., 1996) del bienestar siquolĂłgico con los conceptos competidores, segĂșn un aproche contemporĂĄnea de anĂĄlisis. Los resultados demuestran que estos conceptos son distintos y no deberian ser utilisados de manera intercambiable. Son distintos a varios niveles : tipo de medida (objetivo/subjetivo), tipo de evaluaciĂłn (cognoscitivo/afectivo), los atributos, los antecedentes, las consecuencias, y la influencia del tiempo (transitorio/estable). Los resultados de esta revista llevan un esclaracimiento al nivel conceptual de varios terminos y, con la ayuda de una figura, estan ubicados sobre un tablero favoreciendo asĂ una utilizaciĂłn mejor durante investigaciones
La prĂ©vention du suicide par la prĂ©vention des troubles mentaux : oĂč en sommes-nous au QuĂ©bec?
L'étroite relation pouvant exister entre la maladie mentale et le suicide n'est plus à démontrer. Cependant, au Québec, les intervenants en prévention du suicide, sans nier ce lien, semblent ne pas avoir intégré cette information dans leur pratique. Comme en Amérique du nord ou en Europe, peu de centres de prévention ont évalué l'efficacité et l'impact de leurs interventions. Enfin, les quelques programmes de promotion de la santé mentale ou de la prévention des troubles mentaux élaborés au Québec ne visent que rarement la prévention du suicide. Dans ces conditions, comment peut-on espérer y réduire le taux de suicide ?The relationship between mental illness and suicide no longer has to be demonstrated. In Quebec however, those intervening in the prevention of suicide, without denying this link, appear not to have integrated this information in their practice. As in North America and Europe, very few prevention centres have evaluated the efficiency and impact of their intervention. Finally, the few programs promoting mental health or preventing mental illness elaborated in Quebec seldom aim at preventing suicide. In these conditions how can we expect reducing the suicide rate
Tempo and Mode of the Evolution of Venom and Poison in Tetrapods
Toxic weaponry in the form of venom and poison has evolved in most groups of animals, including all four major lineages of tetrapods. Moreover, the evolution of such traits has been linked to several key aspects of the biology of toxic animals including life-history and diversification. Despite this, attempts to investigate the macroevolutionary patterns underlying such weaponry are lacking. In this study we analyse patterns of venom and poison evolution across reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and birds using a suite of phylogenetic comparative methods. We find that each major lineage has a characteristic pattern of trait evolution, but mammals and reptiles evolve under a surprisingly similar regime, whilst that of amphibians appears to be particularly distinct and highly contrasting compared to other groups. Our results also suggest that the mechanism of toxin acquisition may be an important distinction in such evolutionary patterns; the evolution of biosynthesis is far less dynamic than that of sequestration of toxins from the diet. Finally, contrary to the situation in amphibians, other tetrapod groups show an association between the evolution of toxic weaponry and higher diversification rates. Taken together, our study provides the first broad-scale analysis of macroevolutionary patterns of venom and poison throughout tetrapods
Severe Clotting During Extracorporeal Dialysis Procedures
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73576/1/j.1525-139X.1991.tb00417.x.pd
Evaluation of an education and training program to prevent and manage patientsâ violence in a mental health setting : a pretest-posttest intervention study
Workplace violence can lead to serious consequences for victims, organizations, and society.
Most workplace violence prevention programs aim to train staff to better recognize and safely
manage at-risk situations. The Omega education and training program was developed in Canada
in 1999, and has since been used to teach healthcare and mental health workers the skills needed
to effectively intervene in situations of aggression. The present study was designed to assess the
impact of Omega on employee psychological distress, confidence in coping, and perceived exposure to
violence. This program was offered to 105 employees in a psychiatric hospital in Montreal, Canada.
Eighty-nine of them accepted to participate. Questionnaires were completed before the training,
after a short period of time (M = 109 days) and at follow-up (M = 441 days). Repeated-measures
ANOVAs and Cohenâs d effect sizes were calculated. Results demonstrated statistically significant
improvements in short-term and follow-up posttest scores of psychological distress, confidence in
coping, and in levels of exposure to violence. This study is one of very few to demonstrate the
positive impact of this training program. Further research is needed to understand how to improve
the effectiveness of the program, especially among participants resistant to change
Hypersensitivity Lung Disease in the Turkey Raising Industry
journal articleBiomedical Informatic
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