Child Marriage and Child Solider Policies in Democratic Republic of Congo and Niger

Every year 650 millions women are being forced into marriage before the age of 18. In countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo and Niger young girls around the age of 15 and younger are forced into marriage and young boys at the age of 5 are often forced and kidnapped to become soldiers. In 2005 and 2022, more than 105,000 children were recruited and used by parties to conflict. These problems are happening due to the lack of resources faced in these countries. Can lead to many health effects including depression, sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, malaria, obstetric fistulas, and maternal mortality The goal of the study is to assess if the current political or welfare system can provide the necessary protection for the children harmed

Nonlinear Effects in Pulse Propagation through Doppler-Broadened Closed-Loop Atomic Media

Nonlinear effects in pulse propagation through a medium consisting of four-level double-$\Lambda$-type systems are studied theoretically. We apply three continous-wave driving fields and a pulsed probe field such that they form a closed interaction loop. Due to the closed loop and the finite frequency width of the probe pulses the multiphoton resonance condition cannot be fulfilled, such that a time-dependent analysis is required. By identifying the different underlying physical processes we determine the parts of the solution relevant to calculate the linear and nonlinear response of the system. We find that the system can exhibit a strong intensity dependent refractive index with small absorption over a range of several natural linewidths. For a realistic example we include Doppler and pressure broadening and calculate the nonlinear selfphase modulation in a gas cell with Sodium vapor and Argon buffer gas. We find that a selfphase modulation of $\pi$ is achieved after a propagation of few centimeters through the medium while the absorption in the corresponding spectral range is small.Comment: 4 figure

Letter from George Boyd, Wheeling, West Virginia, to J. H. Woodward, Birmingham, Alabama, September 23, 1892

A document from an extensive collection spanning four generations of the Woodward family that operated merchant pig iron companies in West Virginia and Alabama. The collection begins with Stimpson Harvey Woodward (S. H. Woodward), a native of Massachusetts, who moved from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1852. He had interests in an iron company as early as 1852 in West Virginia and began Alabama operations in 1869. The family business continued in Alabama until the death of S. H. Woodward's great-grandson in 1965