If I Had a Hammer: The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises as Another Tool to Protect Indigenous Rights to Land

As developing countries embrace market economies, a primary source of investment is in the form of foreign direct investment through action by Multinational Enterprises (“Multinationals”) inside a country’s borders. Activity by a Multinational is often regulated only by the host country, which may place minimal restrictions on it for fear of losing investment. This places the country’s people and environment at risk. Indigenous peoples affected by poorly planned or managed development have no opportunity to change plans before they are enacted, and have little chance to obtain reparation for damages suffered. A way of addressing this lack of participation in the development process is through the National Contact Point (“NCP”) review process created by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (“Guidelines”). NCP review allows an affected group to challenge a specific instance where a Multinational violated the Guidelines. A challenge can be based on future plans, as well as actions that occurred in the past. Raising a specific instance initiates a review process that evaluates the particular concerns of the indigenous people who brought the challenge. Although the NCP itself has no enforcement power, bringing a challenge under the Guidelines may affect third-party relationships with the Multinational, influencing its behavior through peer pressure. NCP review provides a powerful tool to otherwise underrepresented indigenous peoples in the development context. The use of NCP review to change mitigation procedures at a hydroelectric dam in Laos illustrates the process and its effectiveness. The process of NCP review allows for reconsideration of the development of a mine in Papua New Guinea that brought environmental destruction and civil war to the indigenous people of Bougainville

Protecting Against Pain And Stress In The Nicu: An Evidence-Based Eye Examination Guideline

Purpose: The purpose of this project was to create an evidence-based Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) eye examination guideline and associated resources that supported use of non-pharmacological interventions and emphasized the importance of parent education and involvement from both an interdisciplinary and occupational therapy perspective. Literature Review: Although medically necessary, researchers and practitioners in the NICU interdisciplinary field have discussed pain and stress associated with preterm infant eye examinations (American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP], 2016; Fierson, 2018; Francis, 2016; Pollaci et al., 2020; Samra & McGrath, 2009). Pain and stress likely impact sensory and overall brain development (AAP, 2016; Brummelte et al., 2012; Jeanson, 2019; Ranger et al., 2013; Vinall & Grunau, 2014), as well as occupational outcomes (Hills, 2019; Jeanson, 2019). Some research has aimed to determine the effectiveness of using non-pharmacological interventions for pain and stress (Disher, Cameron, Mitra, Cathcart, & Campbell-Yeo, 2018; Francis, 2016; Pollaci et al., 2020). Parents providing non-pharmacological support to their infants may promote greater infant emotional recovery (Filippa et al., 2019; Jeanson, 2019). Methodology: To form the basis of this project, a literature review/needs assessment was completed between May and December of 2021. PubMed, the Advances in Neonatal Care Journal, an OT Practice Magazine, and websites from the American Occupational Therapy Association, AAP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Eye Institute, and the National Association of Neonatal Therapists, were all searched and used. Sources chosen for this review were published between 2005 and 2021. Due to the nature of research related to this project, 10 out of 26 resources included were published either in or prior to 2017. Product: An evidence-based interdisciplinary eye examination guideline and associated resources were created for the NICU. Summary: This project emphasized occupational therapists’ use of non-pharmacological interventions for pain and stress management, occupational therapists’ understanding of visual development and the environment, as well as interdisciplinary and parent collaboration. This project was one of the first, if not the first, to create a NICU eye examination guideline initially inspired by and created within the field of occupational therapy. Future research is imperative to promote product sustainability

Promoting Discovery: Creating an In-depth Library Marketing Campaign

This case study aims to describe how librarians at Indiana University Kokomo designed a marketing campaign to promote its discovery tool to undergraduate students during the Fall 2012 semester. The authors illustrate how, through the use of a coordinated marketing plan, librarians applied marketing principles to select a target audience, create promotional designs, organize events, and assess campaign effectiveness. The authors express how libraries can construct cost-effective yet comprehensive marketing campaigns, as well as learn from both unexpected successes and shortcomings of such projects. Ultimately, these takeaways can inform a library’s future marketing endeavors

The Use of Sensory Integration to Mitigate the Traumatic Environment of the NICU: A Critically Appraised Topic (CAT)

In 2018, one in 10 infants were born premature in the United States, which is classified as being born prior to 37 weeks gestation (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 2019). This includes an average of 7,303 babies each week (March of Dimes, 2020). The final months and weeks in utero are shown to be critical to typical development (CDC, 2019). The organs associated with the sensory system begin to develop within utero around eight weeks and the development of the senses continues well into childhood and adolescence (Mayo Clinic, 2020). Hearing and vision are the last two sensory systems to develop, thus are particularly immature in the preterm infant (Blackburn, 1998). As a result, those born premature are more likely to develop sensory processing disorder (SPD), vision and hearing problems, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety or developmental disability (CDC, 2019; March of Dimes, 2020). In one prospective longitudinal study of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), it was found that half of preterm infants born less than 30 weeks developed SPD by ages four to six years old (Ryckman, Hilton, Rogers & Pineda, 2017)

Social Media Practices of School Administrators: The Time is Now

The educational disruption caused by COVID-19 increased awareness of the value of organizational resiliency/sustainability and the critical need for administrators to provide timely communication among all stakeholders. If preparation programs are to provide administrators with the skills and knowledge to effectively use social media as a communication tool, we must explore the practices and perceptions of school administrators’ use of social media to communicate with stakeholders and to identify their recommended social media communication practices. The Social Media as a Tool to Effectively Communicate with Stakeholders Survey and interviews were used for data collection. Findings are focused on comfort levels, perceived effectiveness, benefits, concerns, and recommended practices reported by the school administrators who participated in the study. While, social media was found to be an effective communication tool that can promote and support positive public relations, there were noted gaps in self-efficacy and best practices of the reporting administrators. Research literature, preparation programs, and practicing administrators will equally benefit from the outcomes of this study

Using a meta-modernist and ecological lens to underpin professionalism: Establishing communications as a reflective and sustainable practice

Introduction and Purpose: This abstract relates to a work in progress project that points to the lens of meta modernism as a way to re-orientate thinking around what constitutes the knowledge, skills and attributes (KSA) required in ‘becoming professional’ (Scanlon, 2011). We argue that communication practitioners are well placed to thrive as society shifts further towards instability and uncertainty in line with what Bauman (2000) calls liquid modernity. In this organic environment, which some call a ‘post communication world’ (Macnamara, 2018), contemporary communication practitioners need to become comfortable operating betwixt and between multiple social roles and fluid work identities. Consequently, this project asks a key question: how can professionalism ensure sustainability of communications practice? Literature Review: Digital disruption and globalisation are transforming the nature of work (Lo Presti, 2009) as organisations respond to environmental turbulence and change (Malhotra, 2002). ‘Collective agility’ helps to negotiate the resulting tensions and ‘improvisation paradoxes’ (Zheng et al., 2010) that include a need to ‘thrive within the plurality’ and learn to ‘explore the natural ebb and flow of tensions’ (Lewis, 2000). In addition, a requirement for ‘greater flexibility and adaptability’ supports the predicted trend that ‘future professional-type occupations will have their boundaries less clearly defined than in the past’ (Cheetham and Chivers, 2005). Already this is evident in the communications field, where the contours between organisations and stakeholders, functions and disciplines, and real and digital worlds blur and entwine. At the same time, organisations are struggling to tackle increased demands for social justice, transparency and trust, and ensure their actions live up to the ‘hard and demanding’ task of ethical principles (O’Neill, 2001). Against this backdrop professional fields are now more varied (Noordegraff, 2016), networked and interlocking (Barnett, 2011). Revell and Bryan (2018) talk of liquid professionalism with the need to constantly re-invigorate capabilities in fluid and changing times. Others talk of an ecological approach (Barnett, 2011) allowing for greater professional interdependencies grounded in responsibility and sustainability not only to practice but society. Additionally, those that write about knowledge point to the value of its ‘continuously modified’ nature and contribution to ‘Higher-Order Dynamic Capabilities which enable instantaneous responsiveness to altered conditions’ (Kaur, 2019). Trends in the literature, therefore, suggest a need for fresh ways to explore the role of professionalism in ensuring the sustainability of communications practice. Design/Methodology/Approach: The philosophical lens of meta modernism (Velmeulen and van den Akker, 2010) shapes this project as it manifests a digitalised, post-industrial, global age. Meta modernism tries to harmonise the conflicts between modernism and postmodernism to better understand the complexity evidenced in contemporary life and work (Bacui et al., 2016). The focus is not on critique and problematisation, but in finding solutions and promoting anticipatory, reflective and proactive thinking. Gardner (2016) suggests in this it helps individuals manage their position at the boundaries of diverse social systems that may be at odds with each other, whilst allowing individuals themselves to hold simultaneous positions in multiple worlds. We argue this has direct parallels to communication work which operates at the interface of organisational boundaries and by its nature is multidisciplinary. The detailed methodology is rhizomatic (Guerin, 2013) drawing on a range of disciplinary fields to ‘assemble’ new knowledge (Deleuze and Guattari, 1980/1988) in the spirit of the bricoleur (Denzin and Lincoln, 1999; Rogers, 2012). It is deliberately eclectic in embracing plurality and blurred boundaries to provide a rich, emergent research approach that draws in interdisciplinary scholarship, reflective practice and action learning.Both researchers are engaged in reviewing the concept of knowledge and continuous professional development (CPD) for the Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR) in the UK. We are involved in delivering professional qualifications to practitioners and have backgrounds in communication practice. As McNiff and colleagues (2002) argues action research is about conversation rather than specific techniques and it is conversations that have driven what Coghlan and Brannick (2005) term research in action. Findings: Early indications are the modernist presentation of communication professionals as individuals possessing stable identities, linear career histories, precise role jurisdiction and a list-like body of knowledge, skills and abilities, does not reflect reality. This presents a paradox as findings also suggest the postmodern perspective that contends all is chaos, knowledge and expertise are depreciated and professional institutions are de-valued, is equally flawed. Instead, communication professionals are challenged by a need to oscillate between the KSA that contribute to organisational goals (a modernist orientation grounded in evidence-informed thinking) and those that enable engagement with rapidly changing socio-cultural conditions and activist tendencies (a post-modern orientation grounded in critical thinking). To do this successfully requires developing a sustainable ability for deep reflection and agility. This recognises that professionals are never fully made but continue to ‘become’ throughout their careers, necessitating pro/cre-active and ironical thinking, heightened ‘ecological’ awareness and ethical decision making. It is this meta-modernist orientation we suggest that now defines what it means to be professional. Limitations: This is a work-in-progress project due for completion in the summer of 2021, so the findings are indicative of what has emerged so far. It is also inductive, qualitative and rhizomatic and findings will need to be further debated and explored with professional bodies and practitioners in the UK and beyond. Originality/Value: The study when complete intends to have practical and theoretical value. It extends thinking around meta modernist approaches to better understand the communication professions, what constitutes being a professional and opens up new lines of theoretical enquiry in the field of communications and for the professions more generally. Its practical value to date is supporting development of a knowledge taxonomy to underpin sustainable professional development in an increasingly kaleidoscopic and rhizomatic career landscape. References Baciu, C., Bocus, M., and Baciu-Urzica, C., (2015). Metamodernism – A conceptual foundation, Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 209, 33-38. Barnett, R. (2011). Towards an ecological professionalism. In: Sugrue, D. and Solbrekke, T. D. (eds) Professional Responsibility: New Horizons of Praxis. London and New York, Routledge, pp29-4 Bauman, Z. (2000). Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Cheetham, G. and Chivers, G. (2005). Professions, Competence and Informal Learning. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Deleuze, G., and Guattari, F. (1988). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. Trans. B. Massumi London: Athlone Press (original work published in 1980). Gardner, L. (2016). Metamodernism: A New Philosophical Approach to Counseling, Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 55: 86-98 Kaur, V. (2019). Knowledge-Based Dynamic Capabilities: The Road Ahead in Gaining Organizational Competitiveness. Cham: Switzerland: Springer Lewis, M.W. (2000). Exploring paradox: Toward a more comprehensive guide. Academy of Management Review, 25, 4:760-776. Lo Presti, A. (2009). Snakes and Ladders: Stressing the Role of Meta-Competencies for Post-Modern Careers. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 9:125-134 Macnamara, J. (2018). Public Relations and Post-Communication. Addressing a paradox in public communication. Public Relations Journal, 11, 3 (retrieved from https://prjournal.instituteforpr.org/wp-content/uploads/5.-public-relations-and-post-communication-addressing-a-paradox-in-public-communication-1.pdf) Malhotra, Y. (2002). Information Ecology and Knowledge Management: Toward Knowledge Ecology for Hyperturbulent Organizational Environments. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). UNESCO/EOLSS Publishers McNiff, J. with Whitehead, J. 2002. Action Research: Principles and Practice. 2nd Edition. London: Routledge. Noordegraff, M. (2016). Reconfigurating Professional Work: Changing Forms of Professionalism in Public Services. Administration and Services, 48, 7:783-810 O’Neill, O. (2001) Practical principles and practical judgment. The Hastings Center Report. 31, 4 15-23 Revell, L. and Bryan, H. (2018). Fundamental British Values in Education: Radicalisation, National Identity and Britishness. Bingley, UK: Emerald Publishing Ltd Scanlon, L. (2011). “Becoming” a Professional, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media. Vermeulen, T., and van den Akker, R. (2010). Notes on metamodernism, Journal of Aesthetics and Culture, 2:1, 5677 Zheng, Y., Venters, W., and Cornford, T. (2010). Collective agility, paradox and organizational improvisation: the development of a particle physics grid. Information Systems Journal. 21, 4:303-33

Modeling polar marine ecosystem functions guided by bacterial physiological and taxonomic traits

Heterotrophic marine bacteria utilize organic carbon for growth and biomass synthesis. Thus, their physiological variability is key to the balance between the production and consumption of organic matter and ultimately particle export in the ocean. Here we investigate a potential link between bacterial traits and ecosystem functions in the rapidly warming West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region based on a bacteria-oriented ecosystem model. Using a data assimilation scheme, we utilize the observations of bacterial groups with different physiological traits to constrain the group-specific bacterial ecosystem functions in the model. We then examine the association of the modeled bacterial and other key ecosystem functions with eight recurrent modes representative of different bacterial taxonomic traits. Both taxonomic and physiological traits reflect the variability in bacterial carbon demand, net primary production, and particle sinking flux. Numerical experiments under perturbed climate conditions demonstrate a potential shift from low nucleic acid bacteria to high nucleic acid bacteria-dominated communities in the coastal WAP. Our study suggests that bacterial diversity via different taxonomic and physiological traits can guide the modeling of the polar marine ecosystem functions under climate change

First-Year Seminars Taxonomy

First-year seminars are designed to assist entering students as they form connections with the IUPUI community, including other students, faculty, and advisors in a prospective major. This First-Year Seminars High-Impact Practice Taxonomy seeks to clearly define the features of First-Year Seminars as a high-impact practice. The taxonomy describes four attributes of First-Year Seminars practice along three dimensions of impact—High-Impact, Higher-Impact, and Highest-Impact

Off-axis digital flash photography: a common cause of artefact leukocoria in children.

Leukocoria, a presenting sign in several significant pediatric ocular conditions, can be artefactually produced by off-axis flash photography in healthy eyes. The authors demonstrate the conditions needed to produce this phenomenon, which is more commonly seen in children due to their larger-sized pupils, photogenicity, and frequent off-axis shots