THE LEGAL ORDER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND CONSEQUENCES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN NORMS IN THE NATIONAL LAW OF THE MEMBER STATES

This article analyses the specifics of the legal order of the European Union, which creates a complex and original system of law, being more of a supranational law than an international law. In other words, original Community law is international in creation and supranational in application.The research highlights the most important features of the legal order of the European Union, in the sense that EU law is immediately applicable, has direct applicability and is applied with priority over any national rule. At the same time, we believe that the characteristic features of the legal order of the European Union have their origin in the partial ceding of some attributes of sovereignty to atypical supranational bodies, to which the Member States resorted when they established the European Union.Finally, we specify that European legislation creates a specific legal order that integrates into the national legal order. From this integration arises the impossibility of prevailing a subsequent national norm contrary to European law. Any other solution would deprive European law of its uniform application, as it would vary according to the subsequent national law of each Member State. A differentiated application by each Member State would lead to discrimination based on nationality / citizenship, discrimination which is prohibited by express provisions of European la

Halduskohtumenetluse tõhustamise võimalused kinnipeetavate kaebuste menetlemisel

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Delayed perihematomal hypoperfusion is associated with poor outcome in intracerebral haemorrhage

none11Background: The aim of this study was to characterize the temporal evolution and prognostic significance of perihematomal perfusion in acute intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). Methods: A single-centre prospective cohort of patients with primary spontaneous ICH receives computed tomography perfusion (CTP) within 6 h from onset (T0) and at 7 days (T7). Cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV) and mean transit time (MTT) were measured in the manually outlined perihematomal low-density area. Poor functional prognosis (modified Rankin Scale 3–6) at 90 days was the outcome of interest, and predictors were explored with multivariable logistic regression. Results: A total of 150 patients were studied, of whom 52 (34.7%) had a mRS 3–6 at 90 days. Perihematomal perfusion decreased from T0 to T7 in all patients, but the magnitude of CBF and CBV reduction was larger in patients with unfavourable outcome (median CBF change −7.8 vs. −6.0 ml/100 g/min, p <.001, and median CBV change −0.5 vs. −0.4 ml/100 g, p =.010, respectively). This finding remained significant after adjustment for confounders (odds ratio [OR] for 1 ml/100 g/min CBF reduction: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] (1.15–1.55), p <.001; OR for 0.1 ml/100 g CBV reduction: 1.67, 95% CI 1.18–2.35, p =.004). The presence of CBF < 20 ml/100 g/min at T7 was then demonstrated as an independent predictor of poor functional outcome (adjusted OR: 2.45, 95% CI 1.08–5–54, p =.032). Conclusion: Perihaemorrhagic hypoperfusion becomes more severe in the days following acute ICH and is independently associated with poorer outcome. Understanding the underlying biological mechanisms responsible for delayed decrease in perihematomal perfusion is a necessary step towards outcome improvement in patients with ICH.noneMorotti A.; Busto G.; Boulouis G.; Scola E.; Bernardoni A.; Fiorenza A.; Amadori T.; Carbone F.; Casetta I.; Montecucco F.; Fainardi E.Morotti, A.; Busto, G.; Boulouis, G.; Scola, E.; Bernardoni, A.; Fiorenza, A.; Amadori, T.; Carbone, F.; Casetta, I.; Montecucco, F.; Fainardi, E

Assessment of persistence of <em>Bartonella henselae</em> in<em> Ctenocephalides felis</em>

International audienceBartonella henselae (Rhizobiales: Bartonellaceae) is a Gram-negative fastidious bacterium of veterinary and zoonotic importance. The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) is the main recognized vector of B. henselae, and transmission among cats and humans occurs mainly through infected flea feces. The present study documents the use of a quantitative molecular approach to follow the daily kinetics of B. henselae within the cat flea and its excreted feces after exposure to infected blood for 48 h in an artificial membrane system. B. henselae DNA was detected in both fleas and feces for the entire life span of the fleas (i.e., 12 days) starting from 24 h after initiation of the blood meal

HemS knockdown decreases <i>B. henselae</i> ability to face exposure to H₂O₂.

<p><i>B. henselae</i> pNS2Trc and <i>B. henselae</i> pNS2Trc::<i>hemS</i>_AS were challenged with 10 mM H₂O₂ as described in “<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0037630#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>”. Experiments were performed in triplicate and a single representative experiment is presented.</p

High-Throughput Microfluidic Real-Time PCR for the Detection of Multiple Microorganisms in Ixodid Cattle Ticks in Northeast Algeria

International audienceIxodid ticks are hematophagous arthropods considered to be prominent ectoparasite vectors that have a negative impact on cattle, either through direct injury or via the transmission of several pathogens. In this study, we investigated the molecular infection rates of numerous tick-borne pathogens in ticks sampled on cattle from the Kabylia region, northeastern Algeria, using a high-throughput microfluidic real-time PCR system. A total of 235 ticks belonging to seven species of the genera Rhipicephalus, Hyalomma, and Ixodes were sampled on cattle and then screened for the presence of 36 different species of bacteria and protozoans. The most prevalent tick-borne microorganisms were Rickettsia spp. at 79.1%, followed by Francisella-like endosymbionts (62.9%), Theileria spp. (17.8%), Anaplasma spp. (14.4%), Bartonella spp. (6.8%), Borrelia spp. (6.8%), and Babesia spp. (2.5%). Among the 80.4% of ticks bearing microorganisms, 20%, 36.6%, 21.7%, and 2.1% were positive for one, two, three, and four different microorganisms, respectively. Rickettsia aeschlimannii was detected in Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma detritum, and Rhipicephalus bursa ticks. Rickettsia massiliae was found in Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and Rickettsia monacensis and Rickettsia helvetica were detected in Ixodes ricinus. Anaplasma marginale was found in all identified tick genera, but Anaplasma centrale was detected exclusively in Rhipicephalus spp. ticks. The DNA of Borrelia spp. and Bartonella spp. was identified in several tick species. Theileria orientalis was found in R. bursa, R. sanguineus, H. detritum, H. marginatum, and I. ricinus and Babesia bigemina was found in Rhipicephalus annulatus and R. sanguineus. Our study highlights the importance of tick-borne pathogens in cattle in Algeria