431 research outputs found
What are we thinking of? A critical overview of approaches to developing academic literacy in South African higher education
In South African higher education, the development of academic literacy is often seen to be the responsibility of those working in the field that is known as âacademic developmentâ. This paper uses an analysis of submissions to the 2012 annual conference of the Higher Education Learning and Teaching Association of Southern Africa, the forum most used by those working in the field to present their work, (i) to examine critically the way the construct of academic literacy is understood by practitioners in the field and (ii) to consider the approaches to the development of literacy to which these understandings lead.Key words: academic literacies, academic development, higher education,reading, writing, skills, practice
Recommended from our members
Piezoelectric Semiconducting Nanowires
© 2018 Elsevier Inc. Piezoelectric semiconducting nanowires have generated much interest due to the interplay of their mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, which paves the way for potential applications in mechanical energy harvesting as well as sensing. The nature of piezoelectricity in these nanowires is governed by the crystalline phases present, which in turn can be controlled during the nanowire growth process. This chapter provides insight into the manifestation of piezoelectricity in semiconducting nanowires, the effect of growth on their piezoelectric properties, and importantly, how piezoelectricity is characterized at the nanoscale in these materials. Energy-related applications of semiconducting piezoelectric nanowires are described in detail, including their incorporation into nanogenerators for energy harvesting, as well as in piezotronic and photo-piezotronics devices based on the electromechanical and opto-electromechanical interactions taking place in piezoelectric semiconductor-nanowire junction-based devices. Advances in nanofabrication, nanoscale characterization, and device engineering, coupled with a greater understanding and control of piezoelectricity in semiconducting nanowires, will ultimately help unlock the full potential of these fascinating nanomaterials.European Research Council (Grant no. ERCâ2014âSTGâ639526, NANOGEN
Sentinel Lymph Node Surgery After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Node-Positive Breast Cancer: The ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance) Clinical Trial
IMPORTANCE Sentinel lymph node (SLN) surgery provides reliable nodal staging information with less morbidity than axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) for patients with clinically node-negative (cN0) breast cancer. The application of SLN surgery for staging the axilla following chemotherapy for women who initially had node-positive cN1 breast cancer is unclear because of high false-negative results reported in previous studies. OBJECTIVE To determine the false-negative rate (FNR) for SLN surgery following chemotherapy in women initially presenting with biopsy-proven cN1 breast cancer. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS The American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z1071 trial enrolled women from 136 institutions from July 2009 to June 2011 who had clinical TO through T4, N1 through N2, M0 breast cancer and received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Following chemotherapy, patients underwent both SLN surgery and ALND. Sentinel lymph node surgery using both blue dye (isosulfan blue or methylene blue) and a radiolabeled colloid mapping agent was encouraged. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary end point was the FNR of SLN surgery after chemotherapy in women who presented with cN1 disease. We evaluated the likelihood that the FNR in patients with 2 or more SLNs examined was greater than 10%, the rate expected for women undergoing SLN surgery who present with cN0 disease. RESULTS Seven hundred fifty-six women were enrolled in the study. Of 663 evaluable patients with cN1 disease, 649 underwent chemotherapy followed by both SLN surgery and ALND. An SLN could not be identified in 46 patients (7.1%). Only 1 SLN was excised in 78 patients (12.0%). Of the remaining 525 patients with 2 or more SLNs removed, no cancer was identified in the axillary lymph nodes of 215 patients, yielding a pathological complete nodal response of 41.0% (95% CI, 36.7%-45.3%). In 39 patients, cancer was not identified in the SLNs but was found in lymph nodes obtained with ALND, resulting in an FNR of 12.6% (90% Bayesian credible interval, 9.85%-16.05%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among women with cN1 breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy who had 2 or more SLNs examined, the FNR was not found to be 10% or less. Given this FNR threshold, changes in approach and patient selection that result in greater sensitivity would be necessary to support the use of SLN surgery as an alternative to ALND
Drivers of European bat population change: a review reveals evidence gaps
Bat populations are thought to have suffered significant declines in the past century throughout Europe. Fortunately, there are some signs of recovery; for instance, of the 11 species monitored in the UK, population trends of five are increasing. The drivers of past losses and recent trends are unclear; identifying them will enable targeted conservation strategies to support further recovery.
We review the evidence linking proposed drivers to impacts on bat populations in Europe, using the results of a previous crossâtaxa semiâquantitative assessment as a framework. Broadly, the drivers reviewed relate to landâuse practices, climate change, pollution, development and infrastructure, and human disturbance. We highlight where evidence gaps or conflicts present barriers to successful conservation and review emerging opportunities to address these gaps.
We find that the relative importance or impacts of the potential drivers of bat population change are not well understood or quantified, with conflicting evidence in many cases. To close key gaps in the evidence for responses of bat populations to environmental change, future studies should focus on the impacts of climate change, urbanisation, offshore wind turbines, and water pollution, as well as on mitigation measures and the synergistic effects of putative drivers.
To increase available evidence of drivers of bat population change, we propose utilising advances in monitoring tools and statistical methods, together with robust quantitative assessment of conservation interventions to mitigate threats and enable the effective conservation of these protected species
Template-Assisted Hydrothermal Growth of Aligned Zinc Oxide Nanowires for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Applications.
A flexible and robust piezoelectric nanogenerator (NG) based on a polymer-ceramic nanocomposite structure has been successfully fabricated via a cost-effective and scalable template-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method. Vertically aligned arrays of dense and uniform zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) with high aspect ratio (diameter âŒ250 nm, length âŒ12 ÎŒm) were grown within nanoporous polycarbonate (PC) templates. The energy conversion efficiency was found to be âŒ4.2%, which is comparable to previously reported values for ZnO NWs. The resulting NG is found to have excellent fatigue performance, being relatively immune to detrimental environmental factors and mechanical failure, as the constituent ZnO NWs remain embedded and protected inside the polymer matrix.The authors thank Yeonsik Choi for discussions and experimental support. S.K.-N., C.O., and A.D. are grateful for financial support from the European Research Council through an ERC Starting Grant (Grant no. ERC-2014-STG-639526, NANOGEN). F.L.B. and R.A.W. thank the EPSRC Cambridge NanoDTC, EP/G037221/1, for studentship funding. P.S.J. acknowledges the support of TEP-1900 and Talentia Postdoc Program, cofunded by the European Unionâs Seventh Framework Program, Marie SkĆodowska-Curie actions (COFUND Grant Agreement 267226) and the Ministry of Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment of the Junta de AndalucĂa. S-L.S acknowledges support through the EPSRC grant EP/M010589/1This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from American Chemical Society via http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b04041
Controlling and assessing the quality of aerosol jet printed features for large area and flexible electronics
Aerosol jet printing (AJP) is a versatile technique suitable for large-area, fine-feature patterning of both rigid and flexible substrates with a variety of functional inks. In particular, AJP can tolerate ink viscosities between 1 and 1000 cP, with printing resolution of the order of 10 ÎŒm, thus making it attractive for flexible and printed electronics. This work investigates in detail significant aspects of ink-substrate combination and substrate temperature that are highly relevant to AJP. In order to do this, thin conducting silver lines are printed using AJP on both rigid (glass and silicon) as well as flexible (polyimide) substrates. The correlation between the various deposition parameters and the 'quality' of the printed lines are evaluated, through measurements of electrical conductivity under different experimental conditions. Based on our findings, a framework is proposed through which the morphology of AJP lines can be controlled and assessed for applications in large area and flexible electronic devices.SK-N, MS and YSC are grateful for financial support from the European Research Council through an ERC Starting Grant (Grant No. ERC-2014-STG-639526, NANOGEN). MS and YSC acknowledge studentship funding from the Cambridge Commonwealth, European & International Trust. CB thanks the EPSRC Cambridge NanoDTC, EP/G037221/1, for studentship funding
Impact of race, ethnicity, and BMI on achievement of pathologic complete response following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: a pooled analysis of four prospective Alliance clinical trials (A151426)
Previous studies demonstrated poor response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) for breast cancer among black women and women who are overweight or obese but this may be due to chemotherapy under dosing. We assessed associations of race, ethnicity and body mass index (BMI) with pathologic complete response (pCR) in clinical trial populations
Highly sensitive piezotronic pressure sensors based on undoped GaAs nanowire ensembles
Semiconducting piezoelectric materials have attracted considerable interest
due to their central role in the emerging field of piezotronics, where the
development of a piezo-potential in response to stress or strain can be used to
tune the band structure of the semiconductor, and hence its electronic
properties. This coupling between piezoelectricity and semiconducting
properties can be readily exploited for force or pressure sensing using
nanowires, where the geometry and unclamped nature of nanowires render them
particularly sensitive to small forces. At the same time, piezoelectricity is
known to manifest more strongly in nanowires of certain semiconductors. Here,
we report the design and fabrication of highly sensitive piezotronic pressure
sensors based on GaAs nanowire ensemble sandwiched between two electrodes in a
back-to-back diode configuration. We analyse the current-voltage
characteristics of these nanowire-based devices in response to mechanical
loading in light of the corresponding changes to the device band structure. We
observe a high piezotronic sensitivity to pressure, of ~7800 meV/MPa. We
attribute this high sensitivity to the nanowires being fully depleted due to
the lack of doping, as well as due to geometrical pressure focusing and current
funneling through polar interfaces
A triboelectric generator based on self-poled Nylon-11 nanowires fabricated by gas-flow assisted template wetting
Triboelectric generators have emerged as potential candidates for mechanical energy harvesting, relying on motion-generated surface charge transfer between materials with different electron affinities. In this regard, synthetic organic materials with strong electron-donating tendencies are far less common than their electron-accepting counterparts. Nylons are notable exceptions, with odd-numbered Nylons such as Nylon-11, exhibiting electric polarisation that could further enhance the surface charge density crucial to triboelectric generator performance. However, the fabrication of Nylon-11 in the required polarised ÎŽâČ-phase typically requires extremely rapid crystallisation, such as melt-quenching, as well as âpolingâ via mechanical stretching and/or large electric fields for dipolar alignment. Here, we propose an alternative one-step, near room-temperature fabrication method, namely gas-flow assisted nano-template (GANT) infiltration, by which highly crystalline âself-poledâ ÎŽâČ-phase Nylon-11 nanowires are grown from solution within nanoporous anodised aluminium oxide (AAO) templates. Our gas-flow assisted method allows for controlled crystallisation of the ÎŽâČ-phase of Nylon-11 through rapid solvent evaporation and an artificially generated extreme temperature gradient within the nanopores of the AAO template, as accurately predicted by finite-element simulations. Furthermore, preferential crystal orientation originating from template-induced nano-confinement effects leads to self-poled ÎŽâČ-phase Nylon-11 nanowires with higher surface charge distribution than melt-quenched Nylon-11 films, as observed by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). Correspondingly, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) device based on as-grown templated Nylon-11 nanowires fabricated via GANT infiltration showed a ten-fold increase in output power density as compared to an aluminium-based triboelectric generator, when subjected to identical mechanical excitations.This work was financially supported by a grant from the European Research Council through an ERC Starting Grant (Grant no. ERC-2014-STG-639526, NANOGEN). S. K.-N., Y. S. C. and A. D. are grateful for financial support from this same grant. Y. S. C. is grateful for studentship funding through the Cambridge Commonwealth, European & International Trust. Q. J. is grateful for financial support through a Marie Sklodowska Curie Fellowship, H2020-MSCAIF-2015-702868. CB thanks the EPSRC Cambridge NanoDTC, EP/G037221/1, for studentship funding
Patterns of Local-Regional Management Following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer: Results From ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance)
AXXXXX ZXXXX was a prospective trial evaluating the false negative rate of sentinel node (SLN) surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer patients with initial node-positive disease. Radiation therapy (RT) decisions were at the discretion of treating physicians, providing an opportunity to evaluate variability in practice patterns following NAC
- âŠ