Through the Bottom of a Drinking Glass: How Beer and Brewing Changed Human HIstory

Abstract Every corner of the earth is either currently influenced by or has been influenced by the beer and brewing industry. The significance of this product throughout human history is extensive and one would think the study of it would reflect this. However, until recently the study of beer and brewing was mostly historical and archeological in nature. The social, personal lives and economic impact of those who either consume or produce beer were largely overlooked. This look into how beer and brewing changed cultures and the life of everyone from the king to the peasant is of great importance in understanding the evolution of its role as a driver in the growth of human society. It is the primary contention of this paper that the relegation of beer to a common man’s drink has been purposely exaggerated by certain groups and the impact of the social bias of some on this industry can be seen best through the resulting temperance and prohibition movements in America. This was the result of the clear misunderstanding of how essential beer and brewing are to the human populace if not to its current survival as a clear marker of how human societies came to be what they are today. However, to understand this one would need to both possess a time machine and travel to each period. Since this is clearly not a viable option currently this paper will attempt through the collaboration of historical evidence combined with first person experience to paint a picture of the role that brewing and consuming beer played in the life of these people

Nightside ionosphere of Mars: Modeling the effects of crustal magnetic fields and electron pitch angle distributions on electron impact ionization

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95654/1/jgre2678.pd

Volvopluteus earlei and Volvariella taylorii: new fungi for Western Australia (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Pluteaceae)

Bougher, N.L. & Barrett, M.D. Volvopluteus earlei and Volvariella taylorii: new fungi for Western Australia (Basidiomycota: Agaricales: Pluteaceae). Nuytsia 34: 187–201 (2023). Re-examination of vouchered specimens of pink-spored, volvate, agaricoid fungi held at the Western Australian Herbarium (PERTH) has revealed the first recorded occurrences in Western Australia of Volvopluteus earlei (Murrill) Vizzini, Contu & Justo and Volvariella taylorii (Berk. & Broome) Singer, and affirmed the regional prevalence of Volvopluteus gloiocephalus (DC.) Vizzini, Contu & Justo. The identities of the two Volvopluteus Vizzini, Contu & Justo taxa were confirmed with molecular data relative to extra-Australian samples validated in previous studies. Volvopluteus earlei had not been previously reported from Australia. Evidently Volvopluteus earlei and Volvariella taylorii are less common in Australia than the larger and more often encountered Common Rosegill, Volvopluteus gloiocephalus

Fungi and slime moulds recorded in surveys at Kings Park and Bold Park – urban bushlands Perth, Western Australia

Field surveys at Kings Park since 2009 and at Bold Park since 1999 yielded a total of 532 fungi (mainly macrofungi) and 28 slime moulds. Morphological studies and DNA sequence analyses of vouchered specimens from the surveys enabled 460 of the fungi and 25 of the slime moulds to be identified to species level, assigned species phrase names or designated “sp.” with an accompanying brief macroscopic descriptor. Many of the species were previously not known to occur in the parks or in the greater Perth region, and some of the fungi had not previously been recorded in Australia and/or Western Australia. At least 19 fungi assigned with phrase names are considered to represent species new to science (rationale briefly outlined herein for those). Only 31% of the fungi, and 36% of the slime moulds, have been verified as occurring at both parks

Fungi and slime moulds recorded in surveys at Kings Park and Bold Park – urban bushlands Perth, Western Australia

Field surveys at Kings Park since 2009 and at Bold Park since 1999 yielded a total of 532 fungi (mainly macrofungi) and 28 slime moulds. Morphological studies and DNA sequence analyses of vouchered specimens from the surveys enabled 460 of the fungi and 25 of the slime moulds to be identified to species level, assigned species phrase names or designated “sp.” with an accompanying brief macroscopic descriptor. Many of the species were previously not known to occur in the parks or in the greater Perth region, and some of the fungi had not previously been recorded in Australia and/or Western Australia. At least 19 fungi assigned with phrase names are considered to represent species new to science (rationale briefly outlined herein for those). Only 31% of the fungi, and 36% of the slime moulds, have been verified as occurring at both parks

Time‐history influence of global dust storms on the upper atmosphere at Mars

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/95570/1/grl29277.pd

Deep nightside photoelectron observations by MAVEN SWEA: Implications for Martian northern hemispheric magnetic topology and nightside ionosphere source

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission samples the Mars ionosphere down to altitudes of ∼150 km over a wide range of local times and solar zenith angles. On 5 January 2015 (Orbit 520) when the spacecraft was in darkness at high northern latitudes (solar zenith angle, SZA >120°; latitude >60°), the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer (SWEA) instrument observed photoelectrons at altitudes below 200 km. Such observations imply the presence of closed crustal magnetic field loops that cross the terminator and extend thousands of kilometers to the deep nightside. This occurs over the weak northern crustal magnetic source regions, where the magnetic field has been thought to be dominated by draped interplanetary magnetic fields (IMF). Such a day‐night magnetic connectivity also provides a source of plasma and energy to the deep nightside. Simulations with the SuperThermal Electron Transport (STET) model show that photoelectron fluxes measured by SWEA precipitating onto the nightside atmosphere provide a source of ionization that can account for the O2+ density measured by the Suprathermal and Thermal Ion Composition (STATIC) instrument below 200 km. This finding indicates another channel for Martian energy redistribution to the deep nightside and consequently localized ionosphere patches and potentially aurora.Key PointsMAVEN SWEA instrument observed photoelectrons at altitudes below 200 km in deep nightsideIt suggests the presence of large cross‐terminator closed crustal magnetic field loops over the Martian northern hemisphereSuch topologies also provide new energy sources to the nightside ionospherePeer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134075/1/grl54923.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/134075/2/grl54923_am.pd

Early MAVEN Deep Dip campaign reveals thermosphere and ionosphere variability

International audienceThe Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission, during the second of its Deep Dip campaigns, made comprehensive measurements of martian thermosphere and ionosphere composition, structure, and variability at altitudes down to ~130 kilometers in the subsolar region. This altitude range contains the diffusively separated upper atmosphere just above the well-mixed atmosphere, the layer of peak extreme ultraviolet heating and primary reservoir for atmospheric escape. In situ measurements of the upper atmosphere reveal previously unmeasured populations of neutral and charged particles, the homopause altitude at approximately 130 kilometers, and an unexpected level of variability both on an orbit-to-orbit basis and within individual orbits. These observations help constrain volatile escape processes controlled by thermosphere and ionosphere structure and variability

MAVEN observations of the response of Mars to an interplanetary coronal mass ejection

International audienceCoupling between the lower and upper atmosphere, combined with loss of gas from the upper atmosphere to space, likely contributed to the thin, cold, dry atmosphere of modern Mars. To help understand ongoing ion loss to space, the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft made comprehensive measurements of the Mars upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and interactions with the Sun and solar wind during an interplanetary coronal mass ejection impact in March 2015. Responses include changes in the bow shock and magnetosheath, formation of widespread diffuse aurora, and enhancement of pick-up ions. Observations and models both show an enhancement in escape rate of ions to space during the event. Ion loss during solar events early in Mars history may have been a major contributor to the long-term evolution of the Mars atmosphere