Older people and death-thought accessibility: The association between death and older people in memory

This work aimed to conceptually replicate and extend Martens, Greenberg, Schimel, and Landau’s findings about older people as threatening future self. We conducted two studies using a lexical decision task to measure death-thought accessibility. Results showed that older people primes lead to stronger facilitation of death-related compared, with negative words. Such a facilitation is not observed with young people primes (Study 1). Moreover, the automatic association between the representation of older people and death was stronger when participants and older people primes were of the same sex (Study 2). Implications of these findings with respect to ageism are discussed

Determinants of male fitness: disentangling intra- and inter-sexual selection.

Both intra- and inter-sexual selection may crucially determine a male's fitness. Their interplay, which has rarely been experimentally investigated, determines a male's optimal reproductive strategy and thus is of fundamental importance to the understanding of a male's behaviour. Here we investigated the relative importance of intra- and inter-sexual selection for male fitness in the common lizard. We investigated which male traits predict a male's access to reproduction allowing for both selective pressures and comparing it with a staged mating experiment excluding all types of intra-sexual selection. We found that qualitatively better males were more likely to reproduce and that sexual selection was two times stronger when allowing for both selective pressures, suggesting that inter- and intra-sexual selection determines male fitness and confirming the existence of multi-factorial sexual selection. Consequently, to optimize fitness, males should trade their investment between the traits, which are important for inter- and intra-sexual selection

Operational sex ratio, sexual conflict and the intensity of sexual selection.

Modern sexual selection theory indicates that reproductive costs rather than the operational sex ratio predict the intensity of sexual selection. We investigated sexual selection in the polygynandrous common lizard Lacerta vivipara. This species shows male aggression, causing high mating costs for females when adult sex ratios (ASR) are male-biased. We manipulated ASR in 12 experimental populations and quantified the intensity of sexual selection based on the relationship between reproductive success and body size. In sharp contrast to classical sexual selection theory predictions, positive directional sexual selection on male size was stronger and positive directional selection on female size weaker in female-biased populations than in male-biased populations. Thus, consistent with modern theory, directional sexual selection on male size was weaker in populations with higher female mating costs. This suggests that the costs of breeding, but not the operational sex ratio, correctly predicted the strength of sexual selection

Experimental Beetle Metapopulations Respond Positively to Dynamic Landscapes and Reduced Connectivity

Interactive effects of multiple environmental factors on metapopulation dynamics have received scant attention. We designed a laboratory study to test hypotheses regarding interactive effects of factors affecting the metapopulation dynamics of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Within a four-patch landscape we modified resource level (constant and diminishing), patch connectivity (high and low) and patch configuration (static and dynamic) to conduct a 23 factorial experiment, consisting of 8 metapopulations, each with 3 replicates. For comparison, two control populations consisting of isolated and static subpopulations were provided with resources at constant or diminishing levels. Longitudinal data from 22 tri-weekly counts of beetle abundance were analyzed using Bayesian Poisson generalized linear mixed models to estimate additive and interactive effects of factors affecting abundance. Constant resource levels, low connectivity and dynamic patches yielded greater levels of adult beetle abundance. For a given resource level, frequency of colonization exceeded extinction in landscapes with dynamic patches when connectivity was low, thereby promoting greater patch occupancy. Negative density dependence of pupae on adults occurred and was stronger in landscapes with low connectivity and constant resources; these metapopulations also demonstrated greatest stability. Metapopulations in control landscapes went extinct quickly, denoting lower persistence than comparable landscapes with low connectivity. When landscape carrying capacity was constant, habitat destruction coupled with low connectivity created asynchronous local dynamics and refugia within which cannibalism of pupae was reduced. Increasing connectivity may be counter-productive and habitat destruction/recreation may be beneficial to species in some contexts

Ageism : study of its nature, of the explicative theories, and direct and indirect measures of a psychosocial phenomenon

Quelle est la vraie nature de l’âgisme, comment l’explique-t-on et comment le mesure-t-on ? Voici les trois principales interrogations qui ont guidé notre travail. Nous avons essayé d’étudier ce phénomène sous l’angle des théories et des paradigmes les plus récents de la cognition sociale qu’elle soit explicite ou implicite. Cette thèse se compose de deux parties : une partie théorique et une autre empirique. Dans la première, nous avons tenté d’explorer la nature de l’âgisme : est-il une attitude, un stéréotype ? Comment fonctionne-t-il ? Comment agit-il? Comment l’explique-t-on ? Plusieurs théories explicatives ont été explorées telles que la perspective sociocognitive des stéréotypes de l’âge, la théorie de l’identité sociale, la théorie de la double norme du vieillissement ou encore la théorie de gestion de la terreur. Sans oublier le rôle de certains aspects de la personnalité dans les différences individuelles liées à l’âgisme. Un autre aspect majeur abordé est celui de l’âgisme implicite présenté sous l’angle de la cognition sociale implicite. La seconde partie présente six études empiriques. Les deux premières portent sur l’âgisme explicite et se proposent d’adapter et valider une mesure directe de l’âgisme, ainsi que de soumettre à l’épreuve des faits un modèle structural mettant en jeu certaines variables de personnalité explicatives des préjugés. A notre connaissance, nous offrons à travers ce travail, la première mesure directe francophone de l’âgisme, dûment validée. Les quatre autres études expérimentales portent sur l’âgisme implicite. Les deux premières concernent la construction et la validation d’une mesure indirecte de l’âgisme. Nous avons retenu le Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) pour construire une mesure indirecte absolue par opposition à une mesure relative produite par le célèbre Implicit Association Test (IAT). Nous offrons aussi à travers ce travail, la première mesure indirecte absolue de l’âgisme en opposition aux mesures indirectes relatives utilisant l’IAT. La troisième explore l’âgisme implicite à la lumière du paradigme des stéréotypes multiples de l’âge et de la théorie de la gestion de la terreur. Enfin, la dernière explore l’âgisme implicite à la lumière de la double norme du vieillissement.What is the real nature of ageism? How do we explain and measure it? Here are the three main questions which have guided our work. We have tried to study this phenomenon from the theories and most recent paradigms perspectives of the social cognition whether they are explicit or implicit. The thesis is divided in two parts: One is theoretical while the other one is empirical. In the first one, we have tried to explore the nature of ageism: Is it an attitude, a stereotype? How does it function? How does it act? How do we explain it? Several explicative theories have been explored such as the social cognitive perspective of age stereotypes, the social identity theory, the double standard of aging and the terror management theory without omitting the role of certain aspects of personality in the individual differences linked to ageism. Another important factor is the implicit ageism as seen in the implicit social cognition. The second part deals with 6 empirical studies. The first two parts are about explicit ageism and try to adapt and validate a direct measure on ageism. This measure is therefore integrated to a structural model which includes certain personality variables related to generalized prejudice. To our knowledge, we introduce through this study the first French direct measure on ageism duly validated. The other four experimental studies deal with implicit ageism when the first two studies concerned the construction and validation of an indirect measure of ageism. We have used the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) to build an absolute indirect measure as opposed to a relative measure produced by the famous Implicit Association Test (IAT). The third study explores the implicit ageism through the paradigm of multiple stereotypes due to age and terror management theory. Finally, the last one explores implicit ageism through the double standard of aging

L'âgisme : étude de la nature, des théories explicatives et des mesures directes et indirectes d'un phénomène psychosocial

What is the real nature of ageism? How do we explain and measure it? Here are the three main questions which have guided our work. We have tried to study this phenomenon from the theories and most recent paradigms perspectives of the social cognition whether they are explicit or implicit. The thesis is divided in two parts: One is theoretical while the other one is empirical. In the first one, we have tried to explore the nature of ageism: Is it an attitude, a stereotype? How does it function? How does it act? How do we explain it? Several explicative theories have been explored such as the social cognitive perspective of age stereotypes, the social identity theory, the double standard of aging and the terror management theory without omitting the role of certain aspects of personality in the individual differences linked to ageism. Another important factor is the implicit ageism as seen in the implicit social cognition. The second part deals with 6 empirical studies. The first two parts are about explicit ageism and try to adapt and validate a direct measure on ageism. This measure is therefore integrated to a structural model which includes certain personality variables related to generalized prejudice. To our knowledge, we introduce through this study the first French direct measure on ageism duly validated. The other four experimental studies deal with implicit ageism when the first two studies concerned the construction and validation of an indirect measure of ageism. We have used the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) to build an absolute indirect measure as opposed to a relative measure produced by the famous Implicit Association Test (IAT). The third study explores the implicit ageism through the paradigm of multiple stereotypes due to age and terror management theory. Finally, the last one explores implicit ageism through the double standard of aging.Quelle est la vraie nature de l'âgisme, comment l'explique-t-on et comment le mesure-t-on ? Voici les trois principales interrogations qui ont guidé notre travail. Nous avons essayé d'étudier ce phénomène sous l'angle des théories et des paradigmes les plus récents de la cognition sociale qu'elle soit explicite ou implicite. Cette thèse se compose de deux parties : une partie théorique et une autre empirique. Dans la première, nous avons tenté d'explorer la nature de l'âgisme : est-il une attitude, un stéréotype ? Comment fonctionne-t-il ? Comment agit-il? Comment l'explique-t-on ? Plusieurs théories explicatives ont été explorées telles que la perspective sociocognitive des stéréotypes de l'âge, la théorie de l'identité sociale, la théorie de la double norme du vieillissement ou encore la théorie de gestion de la terreur. Sans oublier le rôle de certains aspects de la personnalité dans les différences individuelles liées à l'âgisme. Un autre aspect majeur abordé est celui de l'âgisme implicite présenté sous l'angle de la cognition sociale implicite. La seconde partie présente six études empiriques. Les deux premières portent sur l'âgisme explicite et se proposent d'adapter et valider une mesure directe de l'âgisme, ainsi que de soumettre à l'épreuve des faits un modèle structural mettant en jeu certaines variables de personnalité explicatives des préjugés. A notre connaissance, nous offrons à travers ce travail, la première mesure directe francophone de l'âgisme, dûment validée. Les quatre autres études expérimentales portent sur l'âgisme implicite. Les deux premières concernent la construction et la validation d'une mesure indirecte de l'âgisme. Nous avons retenu le Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) pour construire une mesure indirecte absolue par opposition à une mesure relative produite par le célèbre Implicit Association Test (IAT). Nous offrons aussi à travers ce travail, la première mesure indirecte absolue de l'âgisme en opposition aux mesures indirectes relatives utilisant l'IAT. La troisième explore l'âgisme implicite à la lumière du paradigme des stéréotypes multiples de l'âge et de la théorie de la gestion de la terreur. Enfin, la dernière explore l'âgisme implicite à la lumière de la double norme du vieillissement

L'âgisme (étude de la nature, des théories explicatives et des mesures directes et indirectes d'un phénomène psychosocial)

Quelle est la vraie nature de l âgisme, comment l explique-t-on et comment le mesure-t-on ? Voici les trois principales interrogations qui ont guidé notre travail. Nous avons essayé d étudier ce phénomène sous l angle des théories et des paradigmes les plus récents de la cognition sociale qu elle soit explicite ou implicite. Cette thèse se compose de deux parties : une partie théorique et une autre empirique. Dans la première, nous avons tenté d explorer la nature de l âgisme : est-il une attitude, un stéréotype ? Comment fonctionne-t-il ? Comment agit-il? Comment l explique-t-on ? Plusieurs théories explicatives ont été explorées telles que la perspective sociocognitive des stéréotypes de l âge, la théorie de l identité sociale, la théorie de la double norme du vieillissement ou encore la théorie de gestion de la terreur. Sans oublier le rôle de certains aspects de la personnalité dans les différences individuelles liées à l âgisme. Un autre aspect majeur abordé est celui de l âgisme implicite présenté sous l angle de la cognition sociale implicite. La seconde partie présente six études empiriques. Les deux premières portent sur l âgisme explicite et se proposent d adapter et valider une mesure directe de l âgisme, ainsi que de soumettre à l épreuve des faits un modèle structural mettant en jeu certaines variables de personnalité explicatives des préjugés. A notre connaissance, nous offrons à travers ce travail, la première mesure directe francophone de l âgisme, dûment validée. Les quatre autres études expérimentales portent sur l âgisme implicite. Les deux premières concernent la construction et la validation d une mesure indirecte de l âgisme. Nous avons retenu le Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) pour construire une mesure indirecte absolue par opposition à une mesure relative produite par le célèbre Implicit Association Test (IAT). Nous offrons aussi à travers ce travail, la première mesure indirecte absolue de l âgisme en opposition aux mesures indirectes relatives utilisant l IAT. La troisième explore l âgisme implicite à la lumière du paradigme des stéréotypes multiples de l âge et de la théorie de la gestion de la terreur. Enfin, la dernière explore l âgisme implicite à la lumière de la double norme du vieillissement.What is the real nature of ageism? How do we explain and measure it? Here are the three main questions which have guided our work. We have tried to study this phenomenon from the theories and most recent paradigms perspectives of the social cognition whether they are explicit or implicit. The thesis is divided in two parts: One is theoretical while the other one is empirical. In the first one, we have tried to explore the nature of ageism: Is it an attitude, a stereotype? How does it function? How does it act? How do we explain it? Several explicative theories have been explored such as the social cognitive perspective of age stereotypes, the social identity theory, the double standard of aging and the terror management theory without omitting the role of certain aspects of personality in the individual differences linked to ageism. Another important factor is the implicit ageism as seen in the implicit social cognition. The second part deals with 6 empirical studies. The first two parts are about explicit ageism and try to adapt and validate a direct measure on ageism. This measure is therefore integrated to a structural model which includes certain personality variables related to generalized prejudice. To our knowledge, we introduce through this study the first French direct measure on ageism duly validated. The other four experimental studies deal with implicit ageism when the first two studies concerned the construction and validation of an indirect measure of ageism. We have used the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) to build an absolute indirect measure as opposed to a relative measure produced by the famous Implicit Association Test (IAT). The third study explores the implicit ageism through the paradigm of multiple stereotypes due to age and terror management theory. Finally, the last one explores implicit ageism through the double standard of aging.NANCY2-Bibliotheque electronique (543959901) / SudocSudocFranceF