Frequency and genotypic distribution of GB virus C (GBV-C) among Colombian population with Hepatitis B (HBV) or Hepatitis C (HCV) infection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>GB virus C (GBV-C) is an enveloped positive-sense ssRNA virus belonging to the <it>Flaviviridae </it>family. Studies on the genetic variability of the GBV-C reveals the existence of six genotypes: genotype 1 predominates in West Africa, genotype 2 in Europe and America, genotype 3 in Asia, genotype 4 in Southwest Asia, genotype 5 in South Africa and genotype 6 in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and genotypic distribution of GBV-C in the Colombian population.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Two groups were analyzed: i) 408 Colombian blood donors infected with HCV (n = 250) and HBV (n = 158) from Bogotá and ii) 99 indigenous people with HBV infection from Leticia, Amazonas. A fragment of 344 bp from the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) was amplified by nested RT PCR. Viral sequences were genotyped by phylogenetic analysis using reference sequences from each genotype obtained from GenBank (n = 160). Bayesian phylogenetic analyses were conducted using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to obtain the MCC tree using BEAST v.1.5.3.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among blood donors, from 158 HBsAg positive samples, eight 5.06% (n = 8) were positive for GBV-C and from 250 anti-HCV positive samples, 3.2%(n = 8) were positive for GBV-C. Also, 7.7% (n = 7) GBV-C positive samples were found among indigenous people from Leticia. A phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of the following GBV-C genotypes among blood donors: 2a (41.6%), 1 (33.3%), 3 (16.6%) and 2b (8.3%). All genotype 1 sequences were found in co-infection with HBV and 4/5 sequences genotype 2a were found in co-infection with HCV. All sequences from indigenous people from Leticia were classified as genotype 3. The presence of GBV-C infection was not correlated with the sex (p = 0.43), age (p = 0.38) or origin (p = 0.17).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>It was found a high frequency of GBV-C genotype 1 and 2 in blood donors. The presence of genotype 3 in indigenous population was previously reported from Santa Marta region in Colombia and in native people from Venezuela and Bolivia. This fact may be correlated to the ancient movements of Asian people to South America a long time ago.</p

Le cercle des notables disparus. Histoire du Valence Club (1871-1954)

Bouchardeau (Philippe). — The Society of departed notabilities. History of the Valence Club (1871-1954). From a register of deliberations, written beetween 1871 and 1954, the history of the Valence Club has been reconstructed. The middle class of Valence, Drôme chief town, has made of this club a place for social selection and convivial meetings. Offices and financial means allowed separated social life, private games (chess, cards...), conversation and reading. Two notability's generations took part in Valence Club : one entered in 1890 and the other one in 1920. During the second world war, Valence Club has been transformed in a bridge club which disappeared in 1954. Le Monde alpin et rhodanien, 1er trimestre 1997, pp. 47 à 67.Bouchardeau (Philippe). — Le cercle des notables disparus. Histoire du Valence Club (1871-1954). De 1871 à 1954, le Valence Club a organisé la sociabilité des notables valentinois. A partir d'un registre de délibérations complet couvrant ses 80 années d'existence, il a été possible de reconstituer l'histoire du cercle. Sont analysés les moyens mis en œuvre par le Valence Club pour développer une vie sociale séparée avec sélection par l'argent et local indépendant, l'équilibre des fonctions et des activités du cercle (jeux de société, cabinet de lecture, sociabilité politique et professionnelle), ainsi que le blocage, puis la métamorphose de cette tradition culturelle. Le Monde alpin et rhodanien, 1er trimestre 1997, pp. 47 à 67.Bouchardeau Philippe. Le cercle des notables disparus. Histoire du Valence Club (1871-1954). In: Le Monde alpin et rhodanien. Revue régionale d'ethnologie, n°1/1997. pp. 47-67