Role of PRDM9 methyltransferase activity in mouse meiotic recombination

Chez les organismes à reproduction sexuée, les gamètes (cellules sexuelles) sont produits par un processus comprenant deux divisions successives appelé méiose. Durant la première division, la recombinaison méiotique permet un contact physique et un échange de matériel génétique entre les chromosomes homologues. Elle résulte de la réparation, par recombinaison homologue, de cassures double-brin de l’ADN générées par la protéine SPO11 au début de la prophase de la première division. Chez les mammifères, les évènements de recombinaison se situent dans des régions de 1-2 kb appelées points chauds de recombinaison. La protéine PRDM9, qui contient un domaine PR/SET et des doigts de zinc, détermine la position des points chauds en ciblant des séquences spécifiques d’ADN par ses doigts de zinc. Son domaine PR/SET porte une activité lysine méthyltransférase, corrélée avec un enrichissement de H3K4me3 au niveau des points chauds, dans les spermatocytes.Les objectifs de mon travail étaient de caractériser l’activité catalytique de PRDM9 et d’étudier son rôle dans l’initiation de la recombinaison chez la souris. La structure cristallisée du domaine PR/SET de PRDM9 en complexe avec un peptide de l’histone H3 nous a permis de montrer que ce domaine adopte une structure similaire aux domaines SET canoniques portés par d’autres méthyltransférases, et d’identifier des résidus clés pour son activité. Nous montrons que le domaine PR/SET de PRDM9 méthyle in vitro non seulement H3K4, mais aussi H3K9 et H3K36. Nous confirmons in vivo la triméthylation de H3K36 dépendante de PRDM9 dans les spermatocytes. Utilisant deux allèles différents de PRDM9, Prdm9b et Prdm9wm7, qui activent des points chauds différents grâce à leur spécificité de séquence, nous avons généré des lignées de souris exprimant des allèles mutés du domaine PR/SET dont l’activité catalytique est abolie, Prdm9wm7G278A ou Prdm9wm7Y357F. La protéine mutante PRDM9wm7Y357F se fixe à ses cibles, mais n’y permet in vivo ni la triméthylation de H3K4, ni celle de H3K36. Enfin, nous montrons que l’activité catalytique de PRDM9 est requise pour promouvoir la recombinaison aux points chauds. Chez les souris exprimant uniquement un allèle Prdm9 muté, les spermatocytes présentent des défauts d’appariement des chromosomes homologues et de réparation des cassures double-brin de l’ADN, ainsi qu’un arrêt de la progression en méiose en milieu de prophase I, phénotype similaire à celui de la souris KO pour Prdm9 (Prdm9-/-). L’ensemble de nos résultats met en évidence le rôle primordial de l’activité méthyltransférase de PRDM9 pour la détermination des sites de recombinaison méiotique et plus généralement pour la progression de la méiose et finalement la formation de gamètes chez la souris.In sexually reproducing organisms, gametes are produced by a process comprising two successive division, called meiosis. During the first division, meiotic recombination enables a physical contact and an exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. Meiotic recombination results from the repair, by homologous recombination, of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) catalyzed by the SPO11 protein at the beginning of prophase I. In mammals, recombination events are localized in 1 to 2 kb-long regions called recombination hotspots. PRDM9, a PR/SET domain and zinc finger-containing protein, determines hotspot localization by targeting specific DNA sequences through its zinc finger array. Notably, PRDM9 PR/SET-domain possesses an H3K4 methyltransferase activity, while PRDM9-dependent H3K4me3 enrichment is found at hotspots in spermatocytes.We aimed at characterizing PRDM9 methyltransferase activity and studying its role in meiotic recombination initiation in mouse. The crystal structure of PRDM9 PR/SET domain, which we generated in complex with a histone H3 peptide, shows that this domain adopts a similar topology to that of classical SET domains and allowed us to identify key residues for its catalytic activity. PRDM9 PR/SET domain catalyzes not only mono-, di- and trimethylation of H3K4, but also of H3K9 and H3K36. We confirmed PRDM9 dependent H3K36 trimethylation in spermatocytes. Taking advantage of the distinct DNA binding specificity of two Prdm9 alleles, Prdm9b and Prdm9wm7, each activating its own set of hotspots, we generated transgenic mouse lines expressing either Prdm9wm7G278A or Prdm9wm7Y357F mutant allele together with the endogenous wild-type Prdm9b allele. Both G278A and Y357F mutations abolish PRDM9 catalytic activity. We show that PRDM9wm7Y357F binds normally to its genomic targets, but is not able to promote H3K4 nor H3K36 trimethylation at these sites. In addition, PRDM9wm7Y357F does not promote recombination at one Prdm9wm7-dependent hotspot, showing that PRDM9 catalytic activity is required for promoting recombination at hotspots. In mice expressing only the mutant allele (Prdm9wm7G278A or Prdm9wm7Y357F), spermatocytes display defects in homologous chromosome synapsis and DSBs repair, as well as an arrest of meiosis at the mid-prophase I. This phenotype is similar to that of Prdm9 KO mice. Overall, our results demonstrate the role of PRDM9 methyltransferase activity in determining recombination hotspots and more generally for meiotic progression and gametes formation

The Tale of Protein Lysine Acetylation in the Cytoplasm

Reversible posttranslational modification of internal lysines in many cellular or viral proteins is now emerging as part of critical signalling processes controlling a variety of cellular functions beyond chromatin and transcription. This paper aims at demonstrating the role of lysine acetylation in the cytoplasm driving and coordinating key events such as cytoskeleton dynamics, intracellular trafficking, vesicle fusion, metabolism, and stress response

PRDM9 Methyltransferase Activity Is Essential for Meiotic DNA Double-Strand Break Formation at Its Binding Sites

International audienceThe programmed formation of hundreds of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is essential for proper meiosis and fertility. In mice and humans, the location of these breaks is determined by the meiosis-specific protein PRDM9, through the DNA-binding specificity of its zinc-finger domain. PRDM9 also has methyltransferase activity. Here, we show that this activity is required for H3K4me3 and H3K36me3 deposition and for DSB formation at PRDM9-binding sites. By analyzing mice that express two PRDM9 variants with distinct DNA-binding specificities, we show that each variant generates its own set of H3K4me3 marks independently from the other variant. Altogether, we reveal several basic principles of PRDM9-dependent DSB site determination, in which an excess of sites are designated through PRDM9 binding and subsequent histone methylation, from which a subset is selected for DSB formation

Molecular Basis for the Regulation of the H3K4 Methyltransferase Activity of PRDM9

PRDM9, a histone lysine methyltransferase, is a key determinant of the localization of meiotic recombination hot spots in humans and mice and the only vertebrate protein known to be involved in hybrid sterility. Here, we report the crystal structure of the PRDM9 methyltransferase domain in complex with a histone H3 peptide dimethylated on lysine 4 (H3K4me2) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy), which provides insights into the methyltransferase activity of PRDM proteins. We show that the genuine substrate of PRDM9 is histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and that the enzyme possesses mono-, di-, and trimethylation activities. We also determined the crystal structure of PRDM9 in its autoinhibited state, which revealed a rearrangement of the substrate and cofactor binding sites by a concerted action of the pre-SET and post-SET domains, providing important insights into the regulatory mechanisms of histone lysine methyltransferase activity

HDAC6 controls the kinetics of platelet activation.

International audienceHDAC6, a major cytoplasmic deacetylase, is shown here to fine-tune the kinetics of platelet activation, a process that must be precisely regulated to ensure hemostasis after blood vessel injury while preventing pathologic thrombus formation. The discoid shape of resting platelets in the circulation is maintained by several highly acetylated microtubules organized in a marginal band. During platelet activation, microtubules undergo major reorganizations, which contribute to the shape change of activating platelets. We show that, during these activation-induced shape changes, a dramatic HDAC6-mediated tubulin deacetylation takes place, followed by microtubule reacetylation in spread platelets. In addition, although HDAC6-controlled tubulin deacetylation is not required for platelet activation, the capacity of HDAC6 to prevent tubulin hyperacetylation influences the speed of platelet spreading. These results are particularly important in view of HDAC6 inhibitors being currently used in clinical trials and represent the first example of cell signaling by lysine acetylation in platelet biology

TOPOVIBL-REC114 interaction regulates meiotic DNA double-strand breaks

Abstract Meiosis requires the formation of programmed DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), essential for fertility and for generating genetic diversity. DSBs are induced by the catalytic activity of the TOPOVIL complex formed by SPO11 and TOPOVIBL. To ensure genomic integrity, DNA cleavage activity is tightly regulated, and several accessory factors (REC114, MEI4, IHO1, and MEI1) are needed for DSB formation in mice. How and when these proteins act is not understood. Here, we show that REC114 is a direct partner of TOPOVIBL, and identified their conserved interacting domains by structural analysis. We then analysed the role of this interaction by monitoring meiotic DSBs in female and male mice carrying point mutations in TOPOVIBL that decrease or disrupt its binding to REC114. In these mutants, DSB activity was strongly reduced genome-wide in oocytes, and only in sub-telomeric regions in spermatocytes. In addition, in mutant spermatocytes, DSB activity was delayed in autosomes. These results provide evidence that REC114 is a key member of the TOPOVIL catalytic complex, and that the REC114/TOPOVIBL interaction ensures the efficiency and timing of DSB activity

Motor-driven marginal band coiling promotes cell shape change during platelet activation.

International audiencePlatelets float in the blood as discoid particles. Their shape is maintained by microtubules organized in a ring structure, the so-called marginal band (MB), in the periphery of resting platelets. Platelets are activated after vessel injury and undergo a major shape change known as disc to sphere transition. It has been suggested that actomyosin tension induces the contraction of the MB to a smaller ring. In this paper, we show that antagonistic microtubule motors keep the MB in its resting state. During platelet activation, dynein slides microtubules apart, leading to MB extension rather than contraction. The MB then starts to coil, thereby inducing the spherical shape of activating platelets. Newly polymerizing microtubules within the coiled MB will then take a new path to form the smaller microtubule ring, in concerted action with actomyosin tension. These results present a new view of the platelet activation mechanism and reveal principal mechanistic features underlying cellular shape changes