Avaliação da vagem do cubato (Acacia cochliacatha) e do fruto guásimo (Guazuma ulmifolia) pela técnica de produção de gás in vitro

Las vainas y frutos de leguminosas tienen el potencial de utilizarse en la alimentación de rumiantes. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar las características fermentativas in vitro de la vaina de cubato y fruto de guásimo, para lo cual se incubaron 0.5 g de frutos de guásimo y vainas de cubato con 40 mL de medio de cultivo bajo flujo continuo de CO2 en una incubadora a 39 °C durante 72 h, donde se inocularon con 10 mL de fluido ruminal fresco obtenido de un bovino alimentado con pasto pangola. La producción de biogás se midió a las 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48 y 72 h y los estimadores de cinética de producción de biogás se determinaron con el modelo de Gompertz. La producción de metano se midió a las 24, 48 y 72 h de incubación, posteriormente se midio pH del medio y degradación de la materia seca. Las variables se analizaron en un diseño completamente al azar y los valores promedios se compararon con la prueba de Tukey. La producción de biogás de las leguminosas evaluadas mostró diferencia en las primeras 2 h de incubación (p<0.05). Los estimadores de la cinética de fermentación mostraron diferencia en el tiempo lag o eficiencia microbiana (p<0.05), donde el fruto de guásimo fue 17% menor que la vaina de cubato. La producción de metano no presentó diferencias durante el periodo evaluado (p>0.05). El medio de cultivo donde se usó guásimo como sustrato fue 2.2% más ácido que el medio con vaina de cubato como sustrato (p<0.05). La degradación de fruto de guásimo fue 50.3% mayor que la vaina de cubato (p<0.05). La vaina de cubato y fruto de guásimo presentan características fermentativas in vitro deseables para su uso en la alimentación.The pods and fruits of legumes have the potential to be used in ruminant feeding. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the in vitro fermentative characteristics of the cubato pod and guásimo fruit, for which 0.5 g of guásimo fruits and cubato pods were incubated with 40 mL of culture medium under a continuous flow of CO2. in an incubator at 39 °C for 72 h, where they were inoculated with 10 mL of fresh ruminal fluid obtained from a bovine fed with pangola grass. Biogas production was measured at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, and biogas production kinetics estimators were determined using the Gompertz model. Methane production was measured at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation, subsequently the pH of the medium and dry matter degradation were measured. The variables were analyzed in a completely randomized design and the average values ​​were compared with Tukey's test. The biogas production of the evaluated legumes showed a difference in the first 2 h of incubation (p<0.05). The estimators of the fermentation kinetics showed a difference in the lag time or microbial efficiency (p<0.05), where the guásimo fruit was 17% less than the cubato pod. Methane production did not present differences during the evaluated period (p>0.05). The culture medium where guásimo was used as substrate was 2.2% more acidic than the medium with cubato pod as substrate (p<0.05). The degradation of the guásimo fruit was 50.3% higher than the cubato pod (p<0.05). The cubato pod and guásimo fruit present desirable in vitro fermentative characteristics for their use in food

Exploratory study: testicular microlithiasis in cattle from the Costa Chica region

Objective. To determine the presence of microlithiasis in cattle males from the Costa Chica region of Guerrero, México and to evaluate seminal quality of males affected with this pathology. Materials and methods. 77 males were evaluated in four municipalities of the state of Guerrero, Mexico. Testes of the males were evaluated by ultrasonography, if microlithiasis was found, males were classified according to the number of observed points. In addition, semen samples were obtained by electroejaculation. For these samples, sperm concentration (x106 sperm ml-1) and individual motility (%) were estimated. Microlithiasis results are shown as percentage with respect to the total number of evaluated animals. Seminal traits were analyzed by ANOVA. Means where compared by Tukey test. Results. In the studied population, about 25% of the individuals evaluated showed microlithiasis. From identified cases, about 60% were classified as grade 2 (>5 <25 points). In Brown Swiss males the 3 grades of microlithiasis were identified, while in Gyr males none were identified. Regarding the seminal traits, general average for sperm concentration and individual motility was 992.5 x106 sperms ml-1 and 75.5%, respectively. Male breed did not generate statistical differences in seminal quality traits. Conclusion. The presence of microlithiasis was identified in cattle male from the Costa Chica region of Guerrero, however, sperm concentration and individual motility were not affected.O Objective. To determine the presence of microlithiasis in bulls from the Costa Chica, Guerrero, Mexico, and to assess the sperm quality of the bulls affected by this pathology. Methodology. Seventy-seven bulls were assessed in four municipalities of the state of Guerrero, Mexico. Bull testicles were subjected to an ultrasonography test and, in the event of microlithiasis, they were classified according to the number of points observed. In addition, semen was collected by electroejaculation. Sperm concentration (x106 sperm mL-1) and individual motility (%) were quantified from the samples. Microlithiasis results are expressed as a percentage of the total number of assessed animals. Seminal characteristics were subjected to an ANOVA and the means were compared using the Tukey test. Results. Approximately 25% of the assessed individuals showed microlithiasis. About 60% of such cases were classified as grade 2 (> 5, < 25 points). Three microlithiasis grades were identified in Brown Swiss bulls, while in Gyr bulls no grade was identified. Regarding seminal characteristics, in average, the overall sperm concentration was 992.5 x106 sperm mL-1 and the overall individual motility was 75.5%. The bull breed variable did not generate statistical differences in the seminal quality variables. Conclusion. The presence of microlithiasis was identified in bulls from the Costa Chica region in Guerrero; however, sperm concentration and individual motility were not affected

Evaluación física y clínica de sementales bovinos en dos municipios de la costa chica de Guerrero, México

Objective: To evaluate the reproductive physical characteristics and general health of stallions in two municipalities of Costa Chica of Guerrero, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out in the municipalities of Ometepec and Cuajinicuilapa. Thirty bulls between 2 and 10 years of age were evaluated. In the physical reproductive and clinical examination were performed by direct observation, using ultrasound to evaluate attached reproductive glands and testicular parenchyma. Blood samples were taken to determine the blood profile. Descriptive statistics was used to present the results. Results: The 86% of the bulls had adequate legs and feet as well as preputial length. Scrotal circumference was according to the age and breed of the animals. Testicular defects were showed for 30% of the bulls, the most common was hypoplasia and unilateral tumors of testicular parenchyma and epididymis, as well as calcifications of the testicular parenchyma. The 93% of the bulls had normal accessory genital glands. Clinically 24% of the bulls with signs suggestive of anaplasmosis were found. The 76% of the bulls, apparently healthy, presented monocytosis, thrombocytopenia and anemia. Limitations on study/implications: the lack of knowledge of the producers about the need for a comprehensive evaluation of the bulls allows them to suffer from diseases without receiving any type of treatment, decreasing their reproductive efficiency. Findings/conclusions: Most of the bulls evaluated had the minimum physical characteristics required, although the presence of anemia and respiratory diseases may have an indirect negative impact on the reproductive efficiency of the bulls.Objetivo: Evaluar las características físicas reproductivas y la salud general de los sementales en dos municipios de Costa Chica de Guerrero, México. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se evaluaron reproductiva y clínicamente 30 sementales, de entre 2 y 10 años. El examen reproductivo, se realizó por observación directa, empleándose ecografía para evaluar glándulas reproductivas anexas y el parénquima testicular. La evaluación clínica se realizó por medio del examen físico y perfil hemático. Se empleó estadística descriptiva para la presentación de los resultados. Resultados: El 86% de los sementales tuvieron aplomos y largo prepucial adecuado, así como circunferencia escrotal acorde a la edad y raza de los animales. El 30% de los sementales presentaron defectos testiculares, siendo los más comunes, hipoplasia y tumores unilaterales de parénquima testicular y epidídimos, así como calcificaciones del parénquima testicular. El 93% de las glándulas anexas fueron normales. Clínicamente se encontró un 24% de los sementales con signos sugerentes a anaplasmosis. El 76% de los toros, aparentemente sanos, presentaron monocitosis, trombocitopenia y anemia. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: El desconocimiento de los productores sobre la necesidad de una evaluación integral de los sementales permite que éstos padezcan enfermedades que no son tratadas, disminuyendo su eficiencia reproductiva. Hallazgos/conclusiones: La mayoría de los sementales evaluados tuvieron las características físicas mínimas requeridas, aunque la presencia de anemia y enfermedades respiratorias pueden tener incidencia negativa indirecta sobre la eficiencia reproductiva de los sementales

Evaluación de las características de calidad, bromatológicas y fermentativas in vitro a diferentes tiempos de fermentación láctica de ensilados de mango maduro

            The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality, bromatological and in vitro fermentation characteristics of ripe mango silage between 28 and 168 days of lactic fermentation (LF). The silos in bags (20 kg) were made with 80.64% mango, 11.38% pangola grass, 4.55% corn stubble, 2.04% molasses and 1.36% urea. The opening time of the silos was at 28 (T1), 44 (T2), 97 (T3), 113 (T4), 126 (T5), 140 (T6), 154 (T7) and 168 (T8) d of LF. It was determined pH, lactic acid, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), hemicellulose, biogas and methane (CH4) production, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3), pH of the medium, total bacteria count, dry matter degradation (DMD) and neutral detergent fibre degradation (NDFD). The statistical analysis was under a completely randomized design. The content of DM, pH, ADF and hemicellulose did not show differences by FL time of the silage (p>0.05). T2 presented higher lactic acid content, without differences with T1, T3 and T4 (p>0.05). T1 showed higher CP content than T2, T4 and T6 (p<0.05); without differences with the rest of the treatments (p>0.05). The accumulated biogas production was not affected by the FL time of the silage (p>0.05). CH4 production after 72 h of incubation was lower for T4, without differences with T1, T3 and T5 (p>0.05). The highest DMD was for T1, T2, T3, T7 and T8 (p<0.05). The lowest NDFD was for T4 and T5 (p<0.05). Under these conditions, it is concluded that ripe mango silages can be lactic fermented for up to 168 days without affecting their in vitro quality, bromatological and fermentative characteristics.            El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las características de calidad, bromatológicas y fermentativas in vitro de ensilados de mango maduro entre 28 y 168 días de fermentación láctica (FL). Los silos en bolsa (20 kg) se elaboraron con 80.64% de mango, 11.38% de pasto pangola, 4.55% de rastrojo de maíz, 2.04% de melaza y 1.36% de urea. El tiempo de apertura de los silos fue a los 28 (T1), 44 (T2), 97 (T3), 113 (T4), 126 (T5), 140 (T6), 154 (T7) y 168 (T8) d de FL. Se determinó pH, ácido láctico, materia seca (MS), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulosa, producción de biogás y metano (CH4), nitrógeno amoniacal (N-NH3), pH del medio, conteo de bacterias totales, degradación de la materia seca (DMS) y degradación de la fibra detergente neutro (DFDN). El análisis estadístico fue un diseño completamente al azar. El contenido de MS, pH, FDA y hemicelulosa no mostraron diferencias por el tiempo de FL (p>0.05). T2 presentó mayor contenido de ácido láctico, sin diferencias con T1, T3 y T4 (p>0.05). T1 mostró mayor contenido de PC que T2, T4 y T6 (p<0.05), sin diferencias con el resto de los tratamientos (p>0.05). La producción de biogás acumulado no se afectó con el tiempo de FL del ensilado (p>0.05). La producción de CH4 a las 72 h de incubación fue menor para T4, sin diferencias con T1, T3 y T5 (p>0.05). La mayor DMS fue para T1, T2, T3, T7 y T8 (p<0.05). La menor DFDN fue para T4 y T5 (p<0.05). Bajo estas condiciones se concluye que el ensilado de mango maduro puede fermentarse lácticamente hasta por 168 días sin que se afecten sus características de calidad, bromatológicas y fermentativas in vitro

Yield, Agronomic Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Silage Fodder (Sorghum bicolor L.) With and Without Fertilization

Objective: To evaluate the yield, structural characteristics of sorghum with and without fertilization and the quality of silages. Design / Methodology / Approach: The evaluated variables were, in forage: dry matter yield (DMY, kg ha-1), leaf:stem ratio (L:S, g g-1), plant height (H, cm) and intercepted radiation (IR, %), and in silage: dry matter (DM, %) crude protein (CP, %), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %), acid detergent fiber (ADF, %), lactic acid (LA, %) and  pH. There were two treatments, with fertilization and without fertilization. Results: The agronomic characteristics L:S, H and IR improved by fertilization (P<0.05). The DMY with fertilization was 7060 kg DM ha-1 and without fertilization was 5472 kg DM ha-1. The DM, CP, NDF, ADF and LA values of silage with fertilization were 33.60, 7.83, 51.06, 28.51 and 4.51 %, respectively, and the pH was 4.3, and without fertilization these values were 47.67, 5.83, 43.36, 25.21 and 2.86 %, respectively, and the pH was 4.66, all values were different when comparing with and without fertilization (P<0.05). Study limitations / implications: These quality parameters should continue to be studied in sorghum silages and with different fertilization doses to expand the decision landscape. Findings / conclusions: According to the results obtained, it is concluded that the sorghum crop should be fertilized for ensiling, since a higher dry matter yield, better agronomic and nutritional characteristics are obtained.Objective: To evaluate the yield and structural characteristics of sorghum fodder, aswell as the chemical quality of the fodder and the silage with and without fertilization. Design/Methodology/Approach: The evaluated variables were, in the fodder: drymatter yield (DMY, kg ha -1 ), leaf:stalk ratio (L:S, g g -1 ), plant height (H, cm) andintercepted radiation (IR, %); and in the silage: dry matter (DM, %) crude protein (CP,%), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %), acid detergent fiber (ADF, %), lactic acid (LA,%) and pH. There were two treatments, with fertilization and without fertilization. Results: The agronomic characteristics L:S, H and IR improved with fertilization(P<0.05). The DMY with fertilization was 7060 kg DM ha -1 and without fertilization, itwas 5472 kg DM ha -1 . The values of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and LA of the silage withfertilization were 33.60, 7.83, 51.06, 28.51 and 4.51%, respectively, and the pH was4.3, and without fertilization these values were 47.67, 5.83, 43.36, 25.21 and 2.86%,respectively, and the pH was 4.66; all values were different when comparing with andwithout fertilization (P<0.05).Study Limitations/Implications: These quality parameters should continue to bestudied in sorghum silages and with different fertilization doses to expand thedecision outlook.Findings/Conclusions: According to the results obtained, it is concluded that thesorghum fodder crop should be fertilized for the ensilage, since higher dry matteryield, better agronomic, and nutritional characteristics are obtained.

Primer reporte de Neospora caninum en el ganado bovino de la Costa Chica de Guerrero, México

Objetive: Determine the seropresevalence of N. caninum in multiparous cows with a history of abortions or those with an intergestation interval greater than one year in the municipalities of Cuajinicuilpa and Ometepec, Guerrero. Design/methodology/approach: blood samples were collected from 13 cows and two dogs in the municipalities of Cuajinicuilpa and eight cows and seven dogs in the municipalities of Ometepec. Detection of antibodies against N. caninum was done with an indirect ELISA kit. Results:  A total of 21 cows and nine dogs were sampled in the two municipalities. In Cuajinicuilapa six cows (28.6%) and 2 dogs (32%) were positive, while in Ometepec, two cows (9.5%) and two dogs (32%) were positive for N. caninum. Most of the positive dogs were in contact with positive cows and had free access to different ranches, making them migratory vectors. Limitations/implications: this is the first published record of this parasite in cattle and dogs in Guerrero and allows explaining the cause of abortion or long intervals between deliveries in apparently healthy cows. Conclusions: Overall, 38% of the sampled cows and 64% of the sampled dogs had antibodies against N. caninum, confirming that this parasite is present in two municipalities of the Guerrero state, Mexico.Objetivo: Determinar la seroprevalencia de Neospora caninum en los municipios de Cuajinicuilpa y Ometepec, en la Costa Chica de Guerrero, en vacas multíparas con historial de abortos o no gestantes por un período mayor a un año. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: se tomaron muestras de sangre de 13 vacas y dos perros en el municipio de Cuajinicuilapa y ocho vacas y siete perros en el municipio de Ometepec. Se empleó el kit para ELISA ID Screen Neospora caninum Indirect para detectar anticuerpos contra Neospora caninum. Resultados: Un total de 21 vacas y nueve perros fueron muestreados en los dos municipios. Se encontraron seis vacas (28.6%) y dos perros (32%) resultaron positivos a N. caninum en el municipio de Cuajinicuilapa. En el caso del municipio de Ometepec dos vacas (9.5%) y 2 perros (32%) presentaron anticuerpos en contra de N. caninum. La mayoría de los perros positivos a N. caninum pertenecían a los trabajadores eventuales de los ranchos, permitiendo que estos animales tuvieran libre acceso a diferentes unidades de producción, convirtiéndose en vectores migratorios. Limitaciones/implicaciones: este es el primer reporte de la presencia de N. caninum en Guerrero, permitiendo explicar, parcialmente, la causa de abortos o largos intervalos entre partos en vacas aparentemente sanas. Conclusión: El 38% del total de vacas muestreadas y 64% de los perros presentaron anticuerpos contra N. caninum, confirmando la presencia de éste parásito en dos municipios del estado de Guerrero, México

Análisis de crecimiento del pasto Cuba OM-22 (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum glaucum) en el trópico seco

Objective: To analyze a growth curve of the Cuba OM-22 grass (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum glaucum), to find the optimum harvest time, in the dry tropics. Design/methodology/approach: The variables were total yield and by leaf and stem component, height of the plant, intercepted radiation, growth rate, weight per stem, leaf: stem ratio and stem population. They were evaluated at 20 day intervals, over a period of 110 days, with the exception of the first sample that was at 30 days. The data were analyzed using the SAS GLM procedure, under an experimental randomized block design, with measures repeated over time, with three repetitions. Results: The maximum production of total yield and growth rate was reached at 110 days after cutting with 38,600 kg DM ha-1 and 435 kg DM ha-1 d-1, respectively. Limitations on study/implications: After 70 days, a greater biomass accumulation of biomass is reported, but with a lower quality of structural characteristics.  Findings/conclusions: The optimal cutting moment of the Cuba OM-22 grass is when it has higher leaf yield in this growth analysis was at 70 days after cutting, reporting a height of 132 cm and intercepted radiation of 95%.Objetivo: El objetivo de este ensayo fue analizar una curva de crecimiento del pasto Cuba OM-22 (Pennisetum purpureum x Pennisetum glaucum), para encontrar el momento óptimo de cosecha, en el trópico seco. Diseño/Metodología/Aproximación: Las variables fueron rendimiento total y por componente hoja y tallo, altura de la planta, radiación interceptada, tasa de crecimiento, peso por tallo, relación hoja:tallo y población de tallos. Se evaluaron a intervalos de 20 días, en un periodo de 110 días, a excepción del primer muestreo que fue a los 30 días. Los datos se analizaron mediante el procedimiento GLM de SAS, bajo un diseño experimental de bloques al azar, con medidas repetidas en el tiempo, con tres repeticiones. Resultados: La máxima producción de rendimiento total y tasa de crecimiento se alcanzó a los 110 días después del corte con 38,600 kg MS ha-1 y 435 kg MS ha-1 d-1, respectivamente. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Después de los 70 días se reporta mayor acumulación de biomasa, pero con menor calidad de características estructurales.  Hallazgos/conclusiones: El momento óptimo del corte del pasto Cuba OM-22 es cuando tiene mayor rendimiento de hoja en este análisis de crecimiento fue a los 70 días después del corte reportando una altura de 132 cm y radiación interceptada de 95%

Prevalencia y distribución de tumor venéreo transmisible en perros de una comunidad rural en México

Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the rates of prevalence and recurrence of TVT infection in owned dogs, as well as the distribution of the disease, in Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, Mexico. Methods: This work was an observational, descriptive, longitudinal study. A TVT diagnosis was performed in all dogs in the community based on clinical records, a physical examination, and a cytological evaluation, and further confirmed by histopathology. Tissue samples were surgically obtained for histopathological analysis and, when required, to remove tumors and give treatment with vincristine; a GPS system was used to identify possible spatial groupings. All cases were re-evaluated one year after. Results: A prevalence of 5.15% was found in 1047 dogs (512 females and 535 males; 25 positive females and 29 positive males). TVT infection was more frequent in 2–3-years-old dogs. A spatial aggregation pattern was observed in the local cases. One year after, no lesions were found in the 29 animals treated. Conclusion: TVT is a common disease, and its distribution suggests its aggregation in certain areas of the locality. Further studies on the dynamics of dog populations in small cities are required.Objetivo: Determinar la tasa de prevalencia y recurrencia de infección por TVT en perros con propietario y la distribución de la enfermedad en Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, México. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y longitudinal. Se investigó la presencia de TVT en todos los perros de la comunidad con base en la historia clínica, examen físico y evaluación citológica, y el diagnóstico se confirmó por histopatología. Se retiraron quirúrgicamente muestras de tejido para análisis histopatológico y, cuando se requirió, para eliminar los tumores y tratar con vincristina; se identificaron posibles agrupaciones espaciales por GPS. Todos los casos se reevaluaron un año después. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de 5.15% en 1047 perros (512 hembras y 535 machos; 25 hembras positivas y 29 machos positivos). La infección por TVT fue más frecuente en perros de 2-3 años. Se observó un patrón de agregación espacial en los casos locales. No hubo lesiones en los 29 animales tratados un año después. Conclusión: El TVT es una enfermedad común, y su distribución sugiere su agregación en ciertas áreas de la comunidad. Se requieren más estudios sobre la dinámica de la población de perros en ciudades pequeñas

Análisis bromatológico y producción de gas in vitro de forrajes utilizados en el trópico seco mexicano

La calidad de los pastos tropicales se relaciona con su uso en la producción de rumiantes, ya que estos basan su alimentación en su consumo. El objetivo fue determinar el análisis bromatológico, producción de gas in vitro y características fermentativas de nueve pastos utilizados en la alimentación de rumiantes en el trópico seco mexicano. Los pastos fueron bermuda, mulato, insurgente, estrella, bramilla, llanero, mombaza, pará y pangola a 56 d de rebrote. En los pastos se determinó proteína bruta (PB), cenizas (Ce), fibra neutro detergente (FND), fibra ácido detergente (FAD), cinética de fermentación, producción de gases, ácidos grasos volátiles (AGV), conteo de bacterias totales, degradaciones de materia seca (DEGMS), fibra neutro detergente (DEGFND) y fibra ácida detergente (DEGFAD). La PB fue mayor en mombaza y pará. La FND fue menor en llanero, mombaza, mulato y pangola. La Ce fue menor en estrella y llanero (P 0,05). La producción de metano (CH4) fue mayor en bramilla, llanero, mombaza y pangola a las 24 h, bermuda mayor a las 48 h y estrella, insurgente y pangola a las 72 h (P 0,05). Se concluye, el pasto mombaza obtuvo las mejores características bromatológicas, las mejores producciones de gas total, donde el metano representó 40,3 % y las mayores degradaciones de las fibras detergentes neutra y ácida