Efeito do número de liberações de Trichogramma galloi (Zucchi, 1988) no parasitismo de ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794) Effect of the number of Trichogramma galloi (Zucchi, 1988) releases on egg parasitization of Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794)

O trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o efeito do número de liberações semanais de Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988, em áreas de cana-de-açúcar sucessivamente infestadas com ovos de Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794). Foram conduzidos experimentos com a variedade RB 72454, com seis e nove meses de idade, em duas regiões distintas, espaçamento de l,40m, sendo por região, demarcadas quatro áreas de um hectare, delimitando-se no centro delas, uma parcela com 400 m². Cada parcela foi, por três semanas consecutivas, infestada com 25 casais de D. saccharalis, liberando-se T. galloi da seguinte forma (tratamentos): 1. sem liberação (testemunha); 2. uma liberação logo após a primeira infestação artificial; 3. duas liberações, uma logo após a primeira infestação artificial e outra após a segunda infestação com intervalo de sete dias; 4. três liberações, cada uma logo após a infestação artificial a intervalos semanais. Pôde-se concluir, para ambos os experimentos, que para se manter elevado o parasitismo de ovos, por T. galloi, no período crítico de oviposição de D. saccharalis, são necessárias liberações sucessivas do parasitóide.<br>This work was carried out to study the effect of weekly releases of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988 on egg parasitism of the sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr., 1794). The research was conducted in two distinct regions of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, using the sugarcane variety RB 72454, six and nine months old, cultivated in a spacing of 1.40m. The experimental plots were artificially infested with sugarcane borer eggs on a weekly basis during 3 weeks, as following: a - Control (no releases); b - one T. galloi release after the first egg infestation; c - two T. galloi releases: one after the first egg infestation and the other following the second egg infestation; d - three weekly releases of T. galloi. The results showed that weekly releases are necessary to maintain high levels of T. galloi parasitization during the peak period of sugarcane borer eggs

Copaíba (copaifera Sp.) Leaf Extracts Obtained By Co2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction: Isotherms Of Global Yield, Kinetics Data, Antioxidant Activity And Neuroprotective Effects

Copaíba (Copaifera sp.) is a tree with a wide application in Brazilian folk medicine. The copaíba leaf extract obtained using supercritical CO2 might be applied to afford neuroprotection following experimental stroke. This study aimed to obtain leaf extracts of Copaifera sp. via supercritical fluid extraction, assessing the global yield isotherms, process variables through the kinetic parameters of extraction, as well as antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects. Three isotherms (40°C, 50°C and 60°C) were studied in the pressure range of 10-30MPa. The overall higher mass on dry basis yield (~3.8%) and antioxidant activity (~64%) were observed at 20MPa and 60°C. For the kinetic study of extraction, the extracts obtained with higher and lower antioxidant activity were chosen, and the models of Martinez et al., Tan and Liou and Sovová showed good and similar adjustments, as presented values of residual sum of squares in the order 10-2. The results of histological and immunohistochemical analyzes suggest that the extract obtained at 60°C and 20MPa has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects on experimental stroke induced by microinjections of endothelin-1 (ET-1) into the rat brain